Science, Technology, and Society

• Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society is a field of study.

Science

• Science originated from the Latin word "scientia," which means knowledge.
• Science is characterized as the systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about the universe.
• Science uses observation, observation, questions, hypothesis, analysis and experimentation.
• Science is considered the most structured way to understand the natural world.

Discovery of Antibiotic - Penicillin

• Common knowledge of antibiotics is used as treatment for bacterial and fungal, but not viral diseases.
• Alexander Fleming discovered an organism suppressing bacteria growth while experimenting with bacterial isolates from a sore throat.
• Fleming observed the mold in the petri dish and observed that bacteria did not grow or touch the area with mold.
• This is when Fleming hypothesized that mold can stop bacterial growth.
• Fleming used scientific method to validate the observation he make from his experiments and reran many trials and replicates to make sure the findings wer accurate, precise, and valid.
• His discovery's benefits includes antibiotics to treat human and animal bacterial infections.

Technology

• Technology originated from the Greek word "techne," meaning art, skill, or cunning of hand.
• Technology is described as the knowledge humans use to control and modify the world.
• The main reason for development and progression of science and technology is to achieve better lives not just now but for the future generations.

Drawbacks of science and tech

• Digital platforms help communication and disseminate information, but pose risk to data privacy and widespread misinformation.
• Mass production machines generate cost-effective products, but could create low-quality products and pose potential loss of jobs.

Uprising of Science, Technology and Society

• The Uprising of Science, Technology and Society is preparing students to respond critically, proactively, and reflectively to challenges by the present-day situation.
• Questions about science and technology can arise due to dynamic interaction with various aspects of society.

Emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology for 2020

• Pseudoscience of Skincare arises as society significantly cares for their appearance, leading to skin care marketing without clinical trials.
• Student Tracking Software raises concerns over stalking and personal information privacy in schools.
• Deep fakes (Photo/Video Manipulation) apply "deep learning" to generate hard-to-identify fakes.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Hiring may poorly filter applicants because machines may decide if they are right for a job.

Historical Antecedents of Science & Technology

• Focus shifts to how science and technology transition across time, and the interconnections between present gadgets and ancient devices.
• The impact of scientific and technological innovations throughout history includes Antecedents, defined as precursors to the unfolding of something.
• These antecedents are stepping stones for the advancement of complex scientific and technological innovations.

Ancient Period Developments

• The timeline allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and living in general.

Ancient Wheel

• There is no known evidence to whom or when it was invented.
• A general agreement that the wheel grew out of a mechanical device called the potter's wheel.
• It is a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay spun horizontally on axis.
• The potter's wheel shifted to a 90-degree angle for transportation.

Paper

• Ancient Egyptians began using papyrus, a thick paper from papyrus plant stems.
• Papyrus was lightweight, strong, durable, and portable, unlike stone.
• Papyrus led to efficient documentation, record-keeping, and exponential information dissemination.

Shadoof

• An early tool used in irrigation.
• It is a hand-operated device for lifting water using counterweights.
• Shadoof irrigation made farming more efficient.
• The device is considered a precursor to sophisticated irrigation tools.

Middle Period - Developments in Science and Technology

• A period of steady increase in new inventions, the introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking + methods.

Heavy Plough

• Introduced the agricultural revolution that increased the crop yield and agricultural practices.
• Made heavy, fatty and moist clay soils cultivatable leading to fertile soils.

Gunpowder

• Led to more advanced warfare and combat purposes.
• It is a reminder that technology can harness beneficial or harmful effects to society, since this is the time where war prevails due to socio-economic or geo-political issues and problems.

Paper Money.

• Before paper money precious metals such as gold and silver were used as currency.
• The first paper money wasn't successful because society prefered the previous forms of currency.
• Traders and merchants realised the benefits to using paper money because it was easier to move about than the coins.

Mechanical Clockwork

• The development of mechanical clocks allowed accurately tracking time.
• The technology lead to an increase of labor patterns and an increase of employment working hours.

Modern Ages - Developments in Science and Technology

• Due to world population increase, this period focused on increasing of transportation, communication, and production.
• Industrialization occurred without any risk assessment for human health, environment, or food safety.

Magnifying Inventions

• Microscopes were an important scientific invention in the field of medicine, tissue analysis, forensics and genetics, and invented by Zacharias Janssen.
• Telescopes are important technological invention in the study of astronomy was invented by Galileo Galilei.

Engine-Powered Airplane

• The invention of the engine-powered aircraft is credited to Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright.
• They designed and crafted the airplane which lead to the success of powered flights.
• Knowledge of aerodynamics + aircraft led to modernization of the wings technology.

Television

• The invention of the modern television is credited to John Logie Baird.
• Although criticized at first due to not-so perfect pictures and frames, progress and development of this invention advanced the technology.

Inventions by Filipino Scientists

• There's a need to discover some of the scientists in Filipino history because science and tech appeals to unique socio-cultural context.

E-Jeepney

• It was invented as response to criticisms to the traditional, unsustainable and uneconomical jeepney that that causes air pollution.
• This provided more income for the drivers because it was more ecological.

Erythromycin

• Abelardo Aguilar found this type of antibiotic was from a bacterial strain, Streptomyces erythreus.
• Aguilar lacked credit for this discovery by Eli Lilli Co, his US employer; the US company eventually owned the merits of this US delivery.

Medical Incubator

• Credited to Fe del Mundo, pediatrician + founder of the first pediatric hospital in the country
• Her passion + outstanding service to the Ramon Magsaysay Award earned her a prestigious Harvard University's School of Medicine admission.
• Two native laundry baskets of different sizes formed her improvised incubator.
• Her invention addressed rural communities lacking electricity to regulate body temperature.

Mole Remover

• The mole remover uses cashew nut extracts (Anacardium occidentale) and was credited to Rolando dela Cruz.
• This formulation removes moles and warts without surgical procedure.

Banana Ketchup

• The use of local ingredient (banana) as a substitute for tomatoes was credited to Maria Oroso.
• The world war was short on tomatoes.
• Maria had the initiative to use vinegar, sugar, and spices and artificial red dye to make it seem like the tomatoes had good ketchup.

Salt Lamp

• This lighting device was credited to a young Filipina inventor, Aisa Mijeno.
• This SALt (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) lamp utilizes Philippines abundant in the Philippines as well as eco- friendly - the saltwater..
• It is considered safer option as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases.

Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System

• The Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System was created by The Department of Science and Technology - Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI).
• This responds to the rampant dengue which has a response to high mosquitos due to high population.
• This system ensures that it it lethal to mosquitos and natural ingredients, with natural ingredients meaning it is more safer than the other methods.