Science Semester 2 Grade 6 Final Exam Prep Guide

Key Vocabulary

• Kinetic Energy: Energy a body possesses due to its motion
• Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
• Heat: Transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one
• Thermal Energy: Total kinetic energy of particles in a substance
• Conduction: Transfer of heat through direct contact between particles
• Convection: Transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases)
• Radiation: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves without involving particles
• Heat Capacity: Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a substance
• Evaporation: Process where liquid turns into vapor
• Condensation: Process where vapor turns into liquid
• Precipitation: Any form of water that falls from clouds to Earth's surface (e.g., rain, snow)
• Expansion: Increase in volume due to heating
• Contraction: Decrease in volume due to cooling
• Insulation: Material that slows down the transfer of heat
• Phase Change: Transition between solid, liquid, and gas states
• Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
• Boiling Point: Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
• Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid
• Sublimation: Process where a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid
• Deposition: Process where a gas turns directly into a solid without becoming a liquid

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
• Higher temperature = higher average kinetic energy

Heat Transfer

• Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact (e.g., metal pot on a stove)
• Convection: Heat transfer through fluid movement (e.g., boiling water)
• Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (e.g., sun heating the Earth)

Properties of Materials

• Metals are good conductors of heat, making them suitable for cooking utensils
• Plastic is a poor conductor, making it suitable for handles that don't get hot

Phases of Matter

• Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a fixed arrangement
• Liquid: Particles are close together but can move past each other
• Gas: Particles are far apart and move freely

Phase Changes

• Melting: Solid to liquid
• Freezing: Liquid to solid
• Evaporation: Liquid to gas
• Condensation: Gas to liquid
• Sublimation: Solid to gas
• Deposition: Gas to solid

Water Cycle

• Continuous process with no specific beginning or end
• Driven by solar energy and gravity
• Processes:
  • Evaporation: Water turns into vapor due to heat
  • Condensation: Water vapor cools and forms clouds
  • Precipitation: Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, etc.
  • Accumulation/Collection: Water is collected back in water bodies (e.g., ocean, rivers, etc.)

Heat Capacity and Heat Absorption

• Heat Capacity: Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance
• Larger mass and higher heat capacity = more time to heat up
• Example: Iceberg takes longer to heat than a cup of tea due to its larger mass and heat capacity

Key Vocabulary

• Kinetic Energy: Energy a body possesses due to its motion.
• Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
• Heat: Transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one.
• Thermal Energy: Total kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
• Conduction: Transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.
• Convection: Transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
• Radiation: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves without involving particles.
• Heat Capacity: Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a substance.
• Evaporation: Process where liquid turns into vapor.
• Condensation: Process where vapor turns into liquid.
• Precipitation: Any form of water that falls from clouds to Earth's surface (e.g., rain, snow).
• Expansion: Increase in volume due to heating.
• Contraction: Decrease in volume due to cooling.
• Insulation: Material that slows down the transfer of heat.
• Phase Change: Transition between solid, liquid, and gas states.
• Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
• Boiling Point: Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.
• Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid.
• Sublimation: Process where a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid.
• Deposition: Process where a gas turns directly into a solid without becoming a liquid.

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

• Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
• Higher temperature means higher average kinetic energy.

Heat Transfer

• Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.
• Convection: Heat transfer through fluid movement.
• Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

Properties of Materials

• Metals are good conductors of heat, suitable for cooking utensils.
• Plastic is a poor conductor, suitable for handles that don't get hot.

Phases of Matter

• Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a fixed arrangement.
• Liquid: Particles are close together but can move past each other.
• Gas: Particles are far apart and move freely.

Phase Changes

• Melting: Solid to liquid.
• Freezing: Liquid to solid.
• Evaporation: Liquid to gas.
• Condensation: Gas to liquid.
• Sublimation: Solid to gas.
• Deposition: Gas to solid.

Water Cycle

• Continuous process with no specific beginning or end.
• Water cycles in spheres of the earth.
• Driven by solar energy and gravity.
• Processes:
  • Evaporation: Water turns into vapor due to heat.
  • Condensation: Water vapor cools and forms clouds.
  • Precipitation: Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, etc.
  • Accumulation/Collection: Water is collected back in water bodies (e.g., ocean, rivers, etc.).

Heat Capacity and Heat Absorption

• Heat Capacity: Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance.
• Larger mass and higher heat capacity = more time to heat up.
• Example: Iceberg takes longer to heat than a cup of tea due to its larger mass and heat capacity.

Practical Applications

• Insulators: Materials like 'WarmCoat' retain heat and are used in products like jackets.
• Conduction Experiments: Different materials conduct heat at different rates (e.g., copper, steel, glass).