Questions and Answers
What defines a direct relationship between two variables?
Which of the following is NOT considered a fundamental quantity?
What is the conversion factor for Kilo?
Which layer of the Earth is the crust associated with?
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Which system of measurement is based on multiples of 10?
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What defines an inverse power relationship?
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What is the correct formula for unit conversion?
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Which of the following quantities measures the degree of heat present in an object?
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What is the focus of physical sciences?
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Which branch of science specifically studies the atmosphere?
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In the scientific method, what does a hypothesis represent?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of controlled variables?
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How are significant figures defined in a number?
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What is the correct way to express the number 4500 in scientific notation?
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When rounding the number 7.639 to two significant figures, what is the result?
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Which reasoning method relies primarily on established principles?
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Study Notes
Branches of Science
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Physical Sciences: Focus on nonliving things and the laws governing the universe.
- Astronomy: Explores phenomena beyond Earth's atmosphere.
- Chemistry: Investigates the structures and properties of matter.
- Geology: Examines Earth's solid materials and processes.
- Meteorology: Studies weather and atmospheric phenomena.
- Physics: Analyzes matter, energy, and their interactions.
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Biological Sciences: Concerned with living organisms.
- Botany: Studies plant life and their biological processes.
- Zoology: Examines animal species and their behaviors.
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Social Sciences: Investigates human behavior and societies.
- Psychology: Explores mental processes and behavior.
- Sociology: Analyzes the structure and development of societies.
Scientific Method
- A structured approach to gaining knowledge.
- Observation: Utilizing senses to gather information.
- Problem Statement: Clear, measurable question guiding inquiry.
- Hypothesis Formation: Predicts outcomes as potential explanations.
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Testing Hypothesis:
- Control: Standard setups for comparison.
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Variables:
- Independent: Unchanged by other variables.
- Dependent: Influenced by other variables.
- Controlled: Consistent across all setups.
- Manipulated: Varied to determine effects.
- Conclusion: Summarizes findings and validates or refutes the hypothesis.
Kinds of Reasoning
- Inductive Reasoning: Draws conclusions based on repeated observations.
- Deductive Reasoning: Applies established principles to derive new conclusions.
Significant Figures
- Important digits in a number that convey precision.
- Nonzero digits: Always significant.
- Final zeros in decimals: Considered significant.
- Zeros between significant figures: Counted as significant.
- Placeholding zeros: Not significant.
Scientific Notation
- A method for expressing large or small numbers succinctly using powers of ten.
- Form: Adjust number to between 1 and 10, followed by ×10^n.
- Exponent rules:
- Shift left: Positive exponent.
- Shift right: Negative exponent.
Rounding Off
- Reduces the number of digits in a number while keeping the approximate value.
Equations
- Mathematical expressions reflecting relationships among quantities:
- Direct Relationship: Variables change in the same proportion.
- Inverse Relationship: One variable increases as the other decreases.
- Power Relationship: One variable changes with the other raised to a power.
- Inverse Power Relationship: One variable's change is inversely proportional to another raised to a power.
Fundamental Quantities
- Basic physical measurements determined through devices:
- Length: Distance between two points.
- Mass: Quantity of matter in an object.
- Time: Duration between events.
- Temperature: Measure of heat present.
- Amount of Substance: Quantity of entities in a sample.
- Electric Current: Flow of electric charge.
- Luminous Intensity: Emission rate of light.
Units of Measurements
- Standardized expressions for dimensions or quantities.
- English System: Traditional units such as feet, pounds.
- Metric System: Decimal-based units including meters, grams.
Conversion of Units
- Formula: Original Value × (Desired Unit / Given Unit) = Equivalent Value.
- Prefixes indicate powers of ten:
- Giga (10^9), Mega (10^6), Kilo (10^3), Hecto (10^2), Deka (10^1),
- Deci (10^-1), Centi (10^-2), Milli (10^-3), Micro (10^-6), Nano (10^-9).
Geology
- Focuses on Earth's physical composition, history, and dynamics.
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Parts of the Earth:
- Lithosphere: Solid outer layer of Earth.
- Hydrosphere: Total mass of water on Earth.
- Atmosphere: Layer of gases surrounding Earth.
Layers of the Earth
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Crust: Outermost layer, extends up to 100 km deep.
- Continental Crust (Sial): Land portions not submerged.
- Oceanic Crust (Sima): Parts located under oceans.
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Transition Zones:
- Lithosphere: Composed of solid rocks.
- Asthenosphere: Contains semi-solid materials, allowing for tectonic movement.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different branches of science in this quiz. Explore the fields of physical, biological, and social sciences, along with their sub-disciplines. Perfect for students looking to review key concepts and enhance their understanding of the scientific world.
