COPY: Science Olympiad Ecology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is succession?

  • The replacement of one community by another, developing toward a climax (correct)
  • The increase in biodiversity
  • The process of natural selection
  • The decrease in population size

What is primary succession?

Succession starting with no soil

What is secondary succession?

Succession starting with soil but no vegetation

Define extinction.

<p>When a species has no more living members</p>
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What is natural selection?

<p>The differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources</p>
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Explain stabilizing selection.

<p>A type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait</p>
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What is disruptive selection?

<p>Disruptive selection is a type of natural selection that simultaneously favors individuals at both extremes of the distribution</p>
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Define directional selection.

<p>Directional selection occurs when natural selection favors a single allele and allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction</p>
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What is artificial selection?

<p>The process in which breeders choose the traits they want</p>
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Define limiting factors.

<p>A factor that limits a population's growth; i.e. resources, shelter, food, and disease</p>
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What is biodiversity?

<p>The number and variety of organisms within one region (biome)</p>
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Match the following types of succession with their definitions:

<p>Primary Succession = Succession starting with no soil Secondary Succession = Succession starting with soil but no vegetation</p>
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Define exponential growth.

<p>Occurs when the growth rate remains the same while the population grows. It creates a J-shaped curve</p>
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Define logistic growth.

<p>Occurs when the growth rate decreases as the population grows due to density-dependent factors</p>
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What is the greenhouse effect?

<p>When heat is trapped in the atmosphere due to greenhouse gases and Earth is warmed</p>
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What are invasive species?

<p>A species that has moved into an area and reproduced so aggressively that it has replaced some of the original species</p>
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Define acid rain.

<p>Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution</p>
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What are biotic factors?

<p>Living components of an ecosystem (D)</p>
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Define population ecology.

<p>The study of how populations interact with their environment</p>
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What is carrying capacity?

<p>Maximum number of individuals of a species or population a given environment can sustain</p>
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The formula for exponential growth is ___

<p>P(t) = P(initial)e^(rt)</p>
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What is Gause's law?

<p>All who use the same resource can't coexist</p>
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Define ecological niche.

<p>An organism's role in an ecosystem, including diet and reproductive method</p>
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What is ecological succession?

<p>Process in which an existing community is gradually replaced by another community</p>
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