Science Methodology and Experiments
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary result of excessive nutrients in water bodies?

  • Algae bloom (correct)
  • Enhanced photosynthesis
  • Increased oxygen levels
  • Decreased fish population

During which part of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?

  • Calvin Cycle
  • Decomposition Reactions
  • Light-Independent Reactions
  • Light-Dependent Reactions (correct)

What do decomposing bacteria primarily consume in water after an algae bloom?

  • Glucose
  • Dead algae (correct)
  • Light energy
  • Carbon dioxide

What is produced as a direct result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin Cycle, occur?

<p>In the stroma of chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the independent variable in a controlled experiment?

<p>It is the factor that is manipulated by the scientist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT shared by all living things?

<p>Ability to fly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is represented by the height of grass measured in centimeters?

<p>Quantitative data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a scientific theory?

<p>A tested explanation of natural events that unifies many observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle is positively charged?

<p>Proton. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of reproduction that does NOT involve sex?

<p>Asexual reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Valence electrons are important because they determine:

<p>How an atom will react in chemical reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes homeostasis?

<p>Maintenance of a stable internal environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes isotopes of an element?

<p>They have the same atomic number but different atomic masses. (A), They have different numbers of neutrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms when electrons are shared between atoms?

<p>Covalent Bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water is responsible for allowing lightweight objects to float on its surface?

<p>Cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

<p>Energy source and structural support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following macromolecules is primarily composed of nucleotides?

<p>Nucleic Acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process breaks down larger molecules into smaller units?

<p>Hydrolysis Reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can affect the activity of an enzyme?

<p>Temperature and pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

<p>Lower the activation energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes an exothermic reaction?

<p>It releases energy as heat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is carbon's bonding capacity based on its valence electrons?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between sodium and chlorine in a salt compound?

<p>Ionic Bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the polarity of water?

<p>Water is polar with uneven charge distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when table salt dissolves in water?

<p>Salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect climate?

<p>Longitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant threat to the tropical rain forest biome?

<p>Deforestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of forest is characterized by trees that shed their leaves?

<p>Temperate Deciduous Forest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biome has a climate characterized by long, dark winters and short, cool summers?

<p>Tundra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vegetation type in a savanna biome?

<p>Grasses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aquatic factor influences the distribution of organisms in freshwater ecosystems?

<p>Salinity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil is typically found in a temperate grassland?

<p>Fertile and rich (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which freshwater biome would you most likely find trout and minnows?

<p>Stream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation is common among animals in the taiga biome?

<p>Hibernate or migrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of a lake typically has the highest temperature?

<p>Euphotic layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a desert biome?

<p>Low humidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of temperate rain forests is NOT accurate?

<p>Sparse plant growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation helps desert plants conserve water?

<p>Waxy coating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to be a primary factor influencing currents in aquatic environments?

<p>Wind patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines climate?

<p>Long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes how heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere?

<p>The Greenhouse Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines the occurrence of different biomes?

<p>Temperature and precipitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is most likely to cause wetter and warmer weather on the eastern Pacific compared to the western Pacific?

<p>El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason hot air rises?

<p>It is less dense than cold air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wind travels from east to west in the tropics?

<p>Trade Winds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to rising air that carries moisture as it ascends?

<p>It cools, causing condensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a population in ecological terms?

<p>Groups of organisms of the same species in a specific area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Coriolis Effect?

<p>It affects wind patterns due to Earth's rotation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the creation of high pressure areas on Earth’s surface?

<p>Sinking cold air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes upwelling?

<p>Cold bottom water rises to the surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of human activities, particularly burning fossil fuels, on climate?

<p>They cause changes in long-term climate patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT considered a greenhouse gas?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vegetation is primarily found in marshes?

<p>Mostly herbaceous, shade-intolerant vegetation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wetlands is known for peat-forming characteristics?

<p>Fens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of salt marshes?

<p>Dominance of salt-tolerant grasses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of photosynthesis primarily used by?

<p>Herbaceous plants and algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes describes energy transfer in an ecosystem?

<p>Only a small portion of energy is available to organisms at the next level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest reservoir in the water cycle?

<p>The ocean (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nitrogen cycle, what is nitrogen fixation?

<p>Conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does excessive use of fertilizers have on aquatic systems?

<p>Promotes eutrophication of water bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

<p>Chemically break down organic matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process by which coral reefs contribute to marine ecosystems?

<p>Providing habitat and nursery areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the biomass pyramid?

<p>It illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms primarily utilizes chemosynthesis?

<p>Bacteria in hydrothermal vents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between fens and bogs?

<p>Fens are alkaline and bogs are often acidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the phosphorus cycle?

<p>Respiration of animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothesis

A tentative scientific explanation that can be tested through experiments.

Inference

A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and observations in an experiment.

Scientific Theory

A tested explanation of natural phenomena that explains multiple observations and is widely accepted in the scientific community.

Independent Variable

The factor that is changed by the scientist in an experiment. It is the independent variable that is being manipulated.

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Dependent Variable

The factor that is measured in an experiment. It is the variable that is influenced by the independent variable.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable, serving as a baseline for comparison.

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Element

A pure substance that consists entirely of one kind of atom.

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Valence Electrons

The electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Chemical Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine.

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Ionic Bond

A bond formed when one atom donates an electron to another.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

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Polarity of Water

A molecule with uneven charge distribution. The oxygen end is slightly negative, while the hydrogen ends are slightly positive.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative oxygen atoms in different water molecules.

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Cohesion

The attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances.

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Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid's surface to contract due to cohesive forces.

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Meniscus

A curved surface of water in a container due to adhesion.

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High Heat Capacity

The ability of water to absorb a large amount of energy before changing temperature.

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Excellent Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve many substances.

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Organic Compounds

Compounds containing carbon.

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Macromolecules

Large molecules (polymers) formed by joining smaller organic molecules (monomers).

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Photosynthesis

A process that uses sunlight energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen.

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Energy Storage in ATP

The energy stored in the bonds between phosphate groups within an ATP molecule.

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Photosynthesis: A Biochemical Pathway

The process of photosynthesis occurs through a series of chemical reactions.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where water and light are used to produce NADPH, ATP and oxygen.

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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of the chloroplast, where carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH are used to produce glucose.

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Latitude

The distance north or south from the equator.

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Altitude

The height of an object above a reference point, such as sea level or Earth's surface.

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Tropical Rainforest

A biome characterized by high biodiversity, lots of rain, and little temperature variation. Found near the equator.

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Temperate Rainforest

A biome with mild, cool temperatures, high rainfall, and dense vegetation. Found near coastal zones with mountains.

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

A biome with trees that shed their leaves in the fall, ample rain, and high temperature variation. Found between 30° and 50° north latitude.

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Taiga

A biome dominated by evergreen, coniferous trees, characterized by very cold temperatures and long, dark winters. Found below the subarctic.

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Temperate Grassland

A biome dominated by grasses, located on the interior of continents, with hot summers, cold winters and occasional fires.

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Tropical Seasonal Forest

A biome with drought-resistant grasses and trees, characterized by alternating wet and dry seasons and frequent fires.

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Savanna

A biome with few trees and a dry climate with a wet season and frequent fires set by lightning.

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Chaparral

A biome dominated by shrubs, characterized by mild temperatures, periodic fires, and dry summers.

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Desert

A biome characterized by extreme temperatures, long periods of drought, and succulent plants. Found near large mountain ranges.

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Tundra

A treeless plain located in the Arctic or Antarctic, characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers.

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River

A body of running water that follows a well-defined path in a valley.

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Stream

A smaller, faster-flowing body of water, often irregular or not in a valley.

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Lake

A body of standing water, larger than a pond, with temperatures decreasing with depth.

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Marshes

Open, sunny areas that are inundated (flooded) throughout the year, dominated by herbaceous vegetation that is shade-intolerant.

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Wet Meadows

Similar to marshes, but saturated (soaked) rather than inundated. They are still wet, but not fully submerged.

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Swamps

Wetlands with some shade, inundated (flooded) throughout the year, and dominated by woody vegetation with a shade-tolerant herbaceous understory.

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Vernal Pools

Smaller, temporary wetlands that are only flooded during certain times of the year (often during spring).

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Fens & Bogs

Peat-forming wetlands where the water source varies. Fens are alkaline due to groundwater from glacial limestone deposits, while bogs are often acidic due to ombrotrophy (water from rain only) and dominated by sphagnum mosses.

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Intertidal Zone

Areas of the coastline that are flooded during high tide and exposed during low tide.

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Coastal Ocean

Shallow marine waters where sunlight reaches the seafloor, allowing for photosynthesis.

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Open Ocean

The vast, open ocean where sunlight only reaches the top 100-200 meters.

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Salt Marshes

Temperate latitude wetlands dominated by salt-tolerant grasses.

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Mangrove Forests

Tropical and subtropical wetlands dominated by mangrove trees. These are very productive ecosystems, but aquaculture practices can threaten them.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which organisms break down food molecules (sugars) to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

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Chemosynthesis

A process where producers use chemical energy (usually from hydrogen sulfide) to produce carbohydrates in places where sunlight is unavailable.

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Herbivores

Organisms that eat plants to obtain energy and nutrients.

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Carnivores

Organisms that eat other animals to obtain energy and nutrients.

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Weather

The daily conditions of Earth's atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, wind, and cloud cover.

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Climate

The long-term, average weather patterns of a region, based on data collected over many years.

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Greenhouse Effect

The process where certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun, warming the planet.

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What causes the seasons?

The Earth's tilted axis causes different parts of the planet to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year.

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Hot air rises

Warm air rises because it is less dense than cold air.

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Air Movement

Air movement is driven by differences in air pressure caused by temperature variations.

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The Coriolis Effect

Earth's rotation causes a deflection in moving air, making it curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Trade Winds

Prevailing winds that blow from east to west, between 0 and 30 degrees latitude, found near the equator.

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Westerlies

Prevailing winds that blow from west to east, between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, found in mid-latitude regions.

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Polar Easterlies

Prevailing winds that blow from east to west, above 60 degrees latitude, found near the poles.

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Precipitation and Storms

Precipitation is more likely in areas of low air pressure, where rising air cools and condenses water vapor.

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Effect of Mountains

Mountains force air to rise on their windward side, causing precipitation, while the leeward side becomes dry.

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Climate Change

Changes in long-term weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events.

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Biomes

Large naturally occurring communities of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, defined by climate and dominant plant life.

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Climatographs

Special graphs that show average precipitation and temperature data for specific biomes.

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Study Notes

Science

  • Science answers questions based on observation, research, investigation, and measurement.
  • Science uses evidence to create testable explanations and predictions of natural events.
  • Scientific methodology is a general style of investigation, not a strict process.
  • Observation involves noticing and describing events orderly.
  • Inference is a logical interpretation based on existing knowledge.
  • Hypotheses are tentative explanations that can be tested.
  • Scientific theories are tested explanations unifying many observations.

Controlled Experiments

  • Variables are factors that change.
  • Independent variable is the factor changed by the scientist..
  • Dependent variable is the factor that changes in response to the independent variable.
  • Control group lacks the independent variable.
  • Controlled variables/constants are factors kept the same.

Collecting Data

  • Quantitative data is measured with numbers.
  • Qualitative data is descriptive.

Peer Analysis and Feedback

  • Publication of scientific papers stimulates further research and questions.
  • Peer review maintains credibility in scientific findings.

Characteristics of Living Things

  • Living things are composed of cells.

  • Reproduction occurs through sexual (between male and female) or asexual (single organism) reproduction.

  • Living things share a universal genetic code.

  • Growth and development occur.

  • Response to stimuli (e.g., light, temperature) happens.

  • Homeostasis (stable internal environment) is maintained.

  • Living things evolve over time.

  • Are viruses alive? No. They lack the characteristics of living things, such as cellular structure and independent metabolism. They do not grow, reproduce independently, or maintain homeostasis.

Atoms & Compounds

  • Atoms consist of protons (positive, in the nucleus), neutrons (neutral, in the nucleus), and electrons (negative, orbiting the nucleus).
  • Valence electrons determine atomic behavior in chemical reactions.
  • An element is a pure substance of one type of atom.
  • Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom (e.g., carbon's atomic number is 6).
  • Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons (some isotopes are radioactive).
  • A chemical compound is formed from the combination of two or more elements.

Types of Chemical Bonds

  • Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred. (e.g., Na loses an electron to Cl)
  • Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. (e.g., Hâ‚‚O)
  • Van der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules.

Determining Bonding Capacity

  • Bonding capacity is related to the number of valence electrons. (e.g., carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 bonds)

Water

  • Water (Hâ‚‚O) is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
  • Water molecules are polar (uneven charge distribution). Oxygen is partially negative, hydrogens positive
  • Hydrogen bonds occur between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative oxygen atoms.
  • Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance (e.g., water molecules).
  • Cohesion causes surface tension that allows lightweight objects to float on water.
  • Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances (e.g., water adhering to glass).
  • Meniscus is the curved surface of water in a container.

Properties of Water

  • High heat capacity: Water resists temperature change, regulating aquatic environments
  • Excellent solvent: Water dissolves many ionic and polar molecules. (e.g. NaCl in water).

Carbon & Macromolecules

  • Carbon is central to biological molecules, forming complex organic compounds.
  • Macromolecules are large molecules (polymers) formed by smaller organic molecules (monomers).
  • Carbohydrates (C, H, O, 1:2:1 ratio)   - Function: energy source and structural support   - Monomer: monosaccharide   - Polymer: polysaccharide   - Examples: glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch, cellulose
  • Lipids (C, H, some O)   - Function: long-term energy storage   - Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol   - Polymer: triglycerides   - Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids (saturated vs unsaturated)
  • Nucleic Acids (C, H, O, N, P)   - Function: store and transmit genetic information   - Monomer: nucleotide   - Polymer: nucleic acid   - Examples: DNA, RNA
  • Proteins (C, H, O, N)   - Function: structural support, transport, signaling, speeding up reactions   - Monomer: Amino acid   - Polymer: protein   - Examples: hemoglobin
  • Enzymes catalyze reactions, lowering activation energy

Condensation & Hydrolysis Reaction

  • Condensation: joins monomers to form polymers
  • Hydrolysis: breaks down polymers into monomers

Enzymes

  • Chemical Reactions: Atoms rearrange, forming new substances.
  • Chemical Equations: Formulas and arrows show reactants and products (e.g., respiration and photosynthesis).
  • Activation Energy: Minimum energy needed for a reaction.
  • Exothermic Reactions: Release energy.
  • Endothermic Reactions: Absorb energy.
  • Enzymes: Special proteins lower activation energy
  • Enzymes are not altered in a reaction
  • Enzymes are specific to a particular reaction.
  • Substrates are the reactants binding to the active site.
  • Temperature and pH affect enzyme activity.
  • Denaturation is the loss of an enzyme's shape and function (due to extreme conditions).

Climate and Weather

  • Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions.
  • Climate: Long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation.
  • Greenhouse Effect: Trapping heat in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases (CO2, water vapor, methane).
  • Seasons: Caused by Earth's tilted axis as it orbits the Sun.

Atmospheric Cells, Wind, and Rain

  • Convection: Hot air rises, cool air sinks.
  • Coriolis Effect: Earth's rotation deflects air movement.
  • Surface Winds: (trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies)
  • Precipitation: More likely in low-pressure areas.
  • Mountains: Shape rainfall patterns.
  • Climate Change: Changes in weather patterns, caused by human activities.
  • Ocean Currents: Driven by winds, temperature, salinity, and Earth's rotation.
  • Upwelling: Brings nutrients to the surface.
  • El Niño/La Niña: Climate patterns in the Pacific Ocean affecting weather globally.

Biosphere

  • Organisms/species: Individuated living things.
  • Populations: Groups of same species in an area.
  • Communities: Groups of interacting species.
  • Ecosystems: Include organisms and their environment.
  • Biosphere: The entire living Earth.
  • Biotic factors: Living components (plants, animals, etc.)
  • Abiotic factors: Non-living components (air, water, etc.)
  • Biomes: Major communities based on climate.

Biome Characteristics

  • Determined by climate (temperature and precipitation)
  • Climatograph: graphs that show climate variables
  • Biome classifications influenced by latitude and altitude.
  • Temperate rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, temperate grassland, tropical seasonal, savanna, chaparral, desert, tundra
  • Aquatic Biomes: freshwater (streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands) and saltwater (intertidal, coastal, open ocean)

Food Webs

  • Producers: use sunlight or chemicals to make food
    • Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H2O to carbohydrates and oxygen.
    • Chemosynthesis utilizes chemical energy for carbohydrate production.
  • Consumers: rely on other organisms for energy
    • Herbivores feed on plants
    • Carnivores eat other animals
    • Omnivores consume plants and animals
    • Scavengers feed on dead animals
    • Detritivores eat decomposing matter
    • Decomposers break down organic material
  • Food webs show interconnected food chains.
  • Energy and biomass decrease at higher trophic levels.
  • Solar energy is the initial source of energy for most ecosystems.

Nutrient Cycles

  • Water Cycle: Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, seepage.
  • Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis, respiration, deforestation, combustion, fossil fuels.
  • Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification.
  • Phosphorus Cycle: Weathering/erosion, assimilation, waste/decomposition, sedimentation.
  • Eutrophication: Excess nutrients can cause algal blooms and kill aquatic life.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.
  • Two parts: light-dependent reactions (water, light, ATP, NADPH, oxygen production) and light-independent reactions (CO2, ATP, NADPH, glucose production).
  • Chloroplasts contain pigments that capture light energy, particularly chlorophyll.
  • ATP stores energy in chemical bonds.

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This quiz covers fundamental principles of scientific methodology, including observation, inference, and hypothesis testing. It also explores the structures of controlled experiments, data collection methods, and the importance of peer analysis in research. Test your understanding of how scientists investigate and explain natural events.

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