16 Questions
What does the term 'METHODOLODY' refer to in the text?
Scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate data
Which term is used in the text to describe the misuse of data to estimate the probability of an event?
Gambler's Fallacy
What is essential for science as mentioned by Alfred North Whitehead?
Scientific mentality
What does it mean for data to be empirical according to the text?
Data is observed or experienced
Which type of bias involves feeling more confident about conclusions than is warranted by available data?
Overconfidence Bias
What is meant by 'COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY' in the context of the text?
Nonscientific data gathering and inferences
Which term is used in the text for the nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior?
COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY
What is one of the consequences of overusing trait explanations?
Decreased accuracy of predictions
What bias involves falsely assuming that specific behaviors cluster together?
Sterotyping
In the context of the text, what is the main concern with the overconfidence bias?
Erroneous conclusions
Why does Alfred North Whitehead emphasize that behavior follows a natural order?
To support predictive abilities in science
Which method does Galileo's empirical approach contrast with according to the text?
'Commonsense psychology' approach
What is the main drawback of nonscientific data gathering according to the text?
Reduction in accuracy of predictions
Which term refers to the concept of assuming specific behaviors cluster together without considering individual differences?
'Stereotyping'
'Overuse Trait Explanations' can lead to making unwarranted attributions about _____________.
'Specific behaviors'
What is the central theme emphasized by Alfred North Whitehead for predicting behavior?
Natural order in human actions
Study Notes
Understanding Science and Psychology
- CIENCE refers to both the content and process of scientific inquiry.
- METHODOLOGY involves the use of scientific techniques to collect and evaluate data.
- DATA refers to the facts gathered using these scientific techniques.
Common Sense Psychology vs. Scientific Approach
- Common sense psychology, as described by Heider, relies on non-scientific sources of data and non-scientific inferences.
- Examples of non-scientific inferences include "opposites attract" and other unproven assumptions.
Biases and Errors in Reasoning
- Gambler's Fallacy: the misuse of data to estimate the probability of an event, such as predicting when a slot machine will pay off.
- Overuse Trait Explanations: making unwarranted dispositional attributions and underusing situational information, which reduces the accuracy of explanations and predictions.
- Stereotyping: falsely assuming that specific behaviors cluster together, ignoring individual differences.
- Overconfidence Bias: feeling more confident about conclusions than is warranted by available data, leading to erroneous conclusions.
The Scientific Mentality
- Alfred North Whitehead's concept of scientific mentality assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.
- This mentality is essential to science, as it implies that there is an implicit order behind the data.
Empirical Data
- Data is empirical when it is observed or experienced.
- Galileo's empirical approach is superior to Aristotle's commonsense method, as it relies on direct observation and experimentation.
Test your knowledge on the connotations of science, scientific techniques for data collection, facts gathered using scientific methods, and common sense psychology which uses nonscientific sources of data and inferences. Explore concepts like non-scientific inferences and the Gambler's Fallacy.
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