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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'METHODOLODY' refer to in the text?
What does the term 'METHODOLODY' refer to in the text?
Which term is used in the text to describe the misuse of data to estimate the probability of an event?
Which term is used in the text to describe the misuse of data to estimate the probability of an event?
What is essential for science as mentioned by Alfred North Whitehead?
What is essential for science as mentioned by Alfred North Whitehead?
What does it mean for data to be empirical according to the text?
What does it mean for data to be empirical according to the text?
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Which type of bias involves feeling more confident about conclusions than is warranted by available data?
Which type of bias involves feeling more confident about conclusions than is warranted by available data?
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What is meant by 'COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY' in the context of the text?
What is meant by 'COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY' in the context of the text?
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Which term is used in the text for the nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior?
Which term is used in the text for the nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior?
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What is one of the consequences of overusing trait explanations?
What is one of the consequences of overusing trait explanations?
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What bias involves falsely assuming that specific behaviors cluster together?
What bias involves falsely assuming that specific behaviors cluster together?
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In the context of the text, what is the main concern with the overconfidence bias?
In the context of the text, what is the main concern with the overconfidence bias?
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Why does Alfred North Whitehead emphasize that behavior follows a natural order?
Why does Alfred North Whitehead emphasize that behavior follows a natural order?
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Which method does Galileo's empirical approach contrast with according to the text?
Which method does Galileo's empirical approach contrast with according to the text?
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What is the main drawback of nonscientific data gathering according to the text?
What is the main drawback of nonscientific data gathering according to the text?
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Which term refers to the concept of assuming specific behaviors cluster together without considering individual differences?
Which term refers to the concept of assuming specific behaviors cluster together without considering individual differences?
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'Overuse Trait Explanations' can lead to making unwarranted attributions about _____________.
'Overuse Trait Explanations' can lead to making unwarranted attributions about _____________.
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What is the central theme emphasized by Alfred North Whitehead for predicting behavior?
What is the central theme emphasized by Alfred North Whitehead for predicting behavior?
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Study Notes
Understanding Science and Psychology
- CIENCE refers to both the content and process of scientific inquiry.
- METHODOLOGY involves the use of scientific techniques to collect and evaluate data.
- DATA refers to the facts gathered using these scientific techniques.
Common Sense Psychology vs. Scientific Approach
- Common sense psychology, as described by Heider, relies on non-scientific sources of data and non-scientific inferences.
- Examples of non-scientific inferences include "opposites attract" and other unproven assumptions.
Biases and Errors in Reasoning
- Gambler's Fallacy: the misuse of data to estimate the probability of an event, such as predicting when a slot machine will pay off.
- Overuse Trait Explanations: making unwarranted dispositional attributions and underusing situational information, which reduces the accuracy of explanations and predictions.
- Stereotyping: falsely assuming that specific behaviors cluster together, ignoring individual differences.
- Overconfidence Bias: feeling more confident about conclusions than is warranted by available data, leading to erroneous conclusions.
The Scientific Mentality
- Alfred North Whitehead's concept of scientific mentality assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.
- This mentality is essential to science, as it implies that there is an implicit order behind the data.
Empirical Data
- Data is empirical when it is observed or experienced.
- Galileo's empirical approach is superior to Aristotle's commonsense method, as it relies on direct observation and experimentation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the connotations of science, scientific techniques for data collection, facts gathered using scientific methods, and common sense psychology which uses nonscientific sources of data and inferences. Explore concepts like non-scientific inferences and the Gambler's Fallacy.
