Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of Natural Philosophy?
What type of motion is associated with the terrestrial domain?
What is the shape of the path of celestial objects, according to Pythagoras?
What is the characteristic of the celestial domain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the center of motion, according to Pythagoras?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of the annual motion, according to ancient Greek philosophy?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the definition of a planet, what is the primary requirement for a celestial body to orbit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for searching for planets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of a terrestrial planet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to describe Neptune and Uranus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the equation used to estimate the number of civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the method of planet detection that uses pulsars?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of a Jovian planet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the factor that determines the suitability of a star for planetary systems?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to describe the process of a celestial body becoming rounded in shape due to its own gravity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor that determines whether a celestial body is considered a planet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of science, according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of truth in the context of science?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between data and information?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the principle that states that 'facts are relative but laws are absolute'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinction between matter and form?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method of observation in science?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the implied principle in sciences that states that 'cause precedes effect'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ultimate goal of science, according to the implied principles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the conclusion from the Ball and Ramp experiments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Law of Inertia, according to Newton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the gravitational force and the masses and distance of two objects, according to Newton's Theory of Universal Gravitation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept that the rate of change in momentum of a system is proportional to the external net force applied to it?
Signup and view all the answers
Who formulated Mathematical formalism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept that the distance traveled down a ramp is proportional to the square of the time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept that states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move in a straight line, unless compelled to change by a net external force?
Signup and view all the answers
Who believed that light comes from the eye due to the fire within the human eye as made by Aphrodite?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept that states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force applied to it divided by its mass?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept that states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect on the Doppler shift if a planet has a higher mass?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main limitation of using radial velocity measurements to detect exoplanets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using astrometry over radial velocity measurements?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the condition required for transit photometry to occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect on the transit photometry signal if a planet is larger?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of the light profile in gravitational microlensing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difficulty in detecting planets using direct imaging?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect on the direct imaging signal if the planet is farther away from the star?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correlation between the number of exoplanets and the amount of iron on a star?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the current number of discovered exoplanets?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Science and Physics
- Science is a human endeavor seeking truth, a collection of known truths about a class of objects, with the nobility of science determined by the object.
- Human beings are intellectual animals formed to know truth, hardwired to seek happiness, with the best happiness being knowing truth.
Truth and Observation
- Truth is the adequation of thing and intellect, with perception/understanding judged as clear or ambiguous, and judgement/proposition judged as true or false.
- Observation can be done via experimentation (controlled environment) or naturalistic (direct) methods, with data being observable instances of phenomena and information being a portion of truth discovered from data.
Reasoning and Implied Principles
- Reasoning can be done by inductive or deductive reasoning.
- Implied principles in sciences include:
- There is order in the universe, which can be known and understood.
- Cause precedes effect.
- Truth begets truth.
- Reality is an effect.
- Highest truths are those that do not change.
- Facts are relative, but laws are absolute.
- You can't predict or know everything.
- Fundamentally, things never change.
Natural Philosophies
- Natural philosophy is an attempt to develop a consistent set of laws of nature to explain physical phenomena without reference to supernatural causes.
- Ancient Greeks viewed the universe as having two domains: terrestrial (temporal and corruptible) and celestial (eternal and perfect).
Motion and Inertia
- Pythagoras believed that celestial objects move in perfectly circular paths on a uniform speed.
- Galileo's Law of Inertia states that no force is needed to keep an object moving in a straight line at constant speed.
- Newton's Three Laws of Motion:
- Law of Inertia: an object at rest or traveling in uniform motion will stay at its condition unless compelled to change by a net external force.
- Law of Acceleration: the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force applied to it divided by its mass.
- Law of Action and Reaction: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Light and Energy
- Light is a form of energy.
- Empedocles believed that light comes from the eye, while Euclid believed that light travels in straight lines.
- Lucretius believed that light is composed of minute atoms, and Isaac Newton explained some properties of light.
- The history of the discovery of the speed of light is a topic of ongoing research.
Planets and Planet Detection
- A planet is a celestial body that:
- Orbits around a star or stellar remnants.
- Has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces.
- Is not massive enough to initiate thermonuclear fusion in its core.
- Has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
- Terrestrial planets are small, dense, and rocky, while Jovian planets are large, low-density, and gaseous.
- Methods of planet detection include:
- Pulsar Timing: detecting irregularities in the beat of a pulsar.
- Radial Velocity Measurements (Velocimetry): detecting stellar wobble caused by orbiting planets.
- Astrometry: measuring the position of the star against the sky.
- Transit Photometry: detecting variations in a star's brightness caused by transiting planets.
- Gravitational Microlensing: detecting the signature of a planet orbiting a star.
- Direct Imaging: using heat imaging or signatures to detect planets.
Additional Information
- There are currently 1,903 exoplanets found, with most detected through photometry.
- More iron on a star is associated with more planets orbiting around it.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the basics of science, including its definition, human endeavor, and the pursuit of truth. Test your knowledge of the fundamentals of science and physics!
