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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of Natural Philosophy?
What is the primary goal of Natural Philosophy?
What type of motion is associated with the terrestrial domain?
What type of motion is associated with the terrestrial domain?
What is the shape of the path of celestial objects, according to Pythagoras?
What is the shape of the path of celestial objects, according to Pythagoras?
What is the characteristic of the celestial domain?
What is the characteristic of the celestial domain?
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What is the center of motion, according to Pythagoras?
What is the center of motion, according to Pythagoras?
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What is the duration of the annual motion, according to ancient Greek philosophy?
What is the duration of the annual motion, according to ancient Greek philosophy?
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According to the definition of a planet, what is the primary requirement for a celestial body to orbit?
According to the definition of a planet, what is the primary requirement for a celestial body to orbit?
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What is the primary reason for searching for planets?
What is the primary reason for searching for planets?
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What is the characteristic of a terrestrial planet?
What is the characteristic of a terrestrial planet?
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What is the term used to describe Neptune and Uranus?
What is the term used to describe Neptune and Uranus?
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What is the equation used to estimate the number of civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy?
What is the equation used to estimate the number of civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy?
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What is the method of planet detection that uses pulsars?
What is the method of planet detection that uses pulsars?
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What is the characteristic of a Jovian planet?
What is the characteristic of a Jovian planet?
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What is the factor that determines the suitability of a star for planetary systems?
What is the factor that determines the suitability of a star for planetary systems?
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What is the term used to describe the process of a celestial body becoming rounded in shape due to its own gravity?
What is the term used to describe the process of a celestial body becoming rounded in shape due to its own gravity?
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What is the primary factor that determines whether a celestial body is considered a planet?
What is the primary factor that determines whether a celestial body is considered a planet?
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What is the primary goal of science, according to the text?
What is the primary goal of science, according to the text?
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What is the definition of truth in the context of science?
What is the definition of truth in the context of science?
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What is the difference between data and information?
What is the difference between data and information?
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What is the principle that states that 'facts are relative but laws are absolute'?
What is the principle that states that 'facts are relative but laws are absolute'?
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What is the distinction between matter and form?
What is the distinction between matter and form?
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What is the primary method of observation in science?
What is the primary method of observation in science?
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What is the implied principle in sciences that states that 'cause precedes effect'?
What is the implied principle in sciences that states that 'cause precedes effect'?
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What is the ultimate goal of science, according to the implied principles?
What is the ultimate goal of science, according to the implied principles?
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What is the conclusion from the Ball and Ramp experiments?
What is the conclusion from the Ball and Ramp experiments?
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What is the Law of Inertia, according to Newton?
What is the Law of Inertia, according to Newton?
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What is the relationship between the gravitational force and the masses and distance of two objects, according to Newton's Theory of Universal Gravitation?
What is the relationship between the gravitational force and the masses and distance of two objects, according to Newton's Theory of Universal Gravitation?
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What is the concept that the rate of change in momentum of a system is proportional to the external net force applied to it?
What is the concept that the rate of change in momentum of a system is proportional to the external net force applied to it?
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Who formulated Mathematical formalism?
Who formulated Mathematical formalism?
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What is the concept that the distance traveled down a ramp is proportional to the square of the time?
What is the concept that the distance traveled down a ramp is proportional to the square of the time?
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What is the concept that states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move in a straight line, unless compelled to change by a net external force?
What is the concept that states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move in a straight line, unless compelled to change by a net external force?
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Who believed that light comes from the eye due to the fire within the human eye as made by Aphrodite?
Who believed that light comes from the eye due to the fire within the human eye as made by Aphrodite?
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What is the concept that states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force applied to it divided by its mass?
What is the concept that states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force applied to it divided by its mass?
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What is the concept that states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
What is the concept that states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
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What is the effect on the Doppler shift if a planet has a higher mass?
What is the effect on the Doppler shift if a planet has a higher mass?
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What is the main limitation of using radial velocity measurements to detect exoplanets?
What is the main limitation of using radial velocity measurements to detect exoplanets?
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What is the main advantage of using astrometry over radial velocity measurements?
What is the main advantage of using astrometry over radial velocity measurements?
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What is the condition required for transit photometry to occur?
What is the condition required for transit photometry to occur?
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What is the effect on the transit photometry signal if a planet is larger?
What is the effect on the transit photometry signal if a planet is larger?
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What is the main characteristic of the light profile in gravitational microlensing?
What is the main characteristic of the light profile in gravitational microlensing?
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What is the main difficulty in detecting planets using direct imaging?
What is the main difficulty in detecting planets using direct imaging?
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What is the effect on the direct imaging signal if the planet is farther away from the star?
What is the effect on the direct imaging signal if the planet is farther away from the star?
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What is the correlation between the number of exoplanets and the amount of iron on a star?
What is the correlation between the number of exoplanets and the amount of iron on a star?
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What is the current number of discovered exoplanets?
What is the current number of discovered exoplanets?
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Study Notes
Science and Physics
- Science is a human endeavor seeking truth, a collection of known truths about a class of objects, with the nobility of science determined by the object.
- Human beings are intellectual animals formed to know truth, hardwired to seek happiness, with the best happiness being knowing truth.
Truth and Observation
- Truth is the adequation of thing and intellect, with perception/understanding judged as clear or ambiguous, and judgement/proposition judged as true or false.
- Observation can be done via experimentation (controlled environment) or naturalistic (direct) methods, with data being observable instances of phenomena and information being a portion of truth discovered from data.
Reasoning and Implied Principles
- Reasoning can be done by inductive or deductive reasoning.
- Implied principles in sciences include:
- There is order in the universe, which can be known and understood.
- Cause precedes effect.
- Truth begets truth.
- Reality is an effect.
- Highest truths are those that do not change.
- Facts are relative, but laws are absolute.
- You can't predict or know everything.
- Fundamentally, things never change.
Natural Philosophies
- Natural philosophy is an attempt to develop a consistent set of laws of nature to explain physical phenomena without reference to supernatural causes.
- Ancient Greeks viewed the universe as having two domains: terrestrial (temporal and corruptible) and celestial (eternal and perfect).
Motion and Inertia
- Pythagoras believed that celestial objects move in perfectly circular paths on a uniform speed.
- Galileo's Law of Inertia states that no force is needed to keep an object moving in a straight line at constant speed.
- Newton's Three Laws of Motion:
- Law of Inertia: an object at rest or traveling in uniform motion will stay at its condition unless compelled to change by a net external force.
- Law of Acceleration: the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force applied to it divided by its mass.
- Law of Action and Reaction: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Light and Energy
- Light is a form of energy.
- Empedocles believed that light comes from the eye, while Euclid believed that light travels in straight lines.
- Lucretius believed that light is composed of minute atoms, and Isaac Newton explained some properties of light.
- The history of the discovery of the speed of light is a topic of ongoing research.
Planets and Planet Detection
- A planet is a celestial body that:
- Orbits around a star or stellar remnants.
- Has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces.
- Is not massive enough to initiate thermonuclear fusion in its core.
- Has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
- Terrestrial planets are small, dense, and rocky, while Jovian planets are large, low-density, and gaseous.
- Methods of planet detection include:
- Pulsar Timing: detecting irregularities in the beat of a pulsar.
- Radial Velocity Measurements (Velocimetry): detecting stellar wobble caused by orbiting planets.
- Astrometry: measuring the position of the star against the sky.
- Transit Photometry: detecting variations in a star's brightness caused by transiting planets.
- Gravitational Microlensing: detecting the signature of a planet orbiting a star.
- Direct Imaging: using heat imaging or signatures to detect planets.
Additional Information
- There are currently 1,903 exoplanets found, with most detected through photometry.
- More iron on a star is associated with more planets orbiting around it.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of science, including its definition, human endeavor, and the pursuit of truth. Test your knowledge of the fundamentals of science and physics!
