Science Final Exam Study Guide
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What is the role of a controlled variable in an experiment?

  • It is the outcome that is measured during the experiment.
  • It is a factor that changes in response to the independent variable.
  • It provides a standard for comparison by remaining constant. (correct)
  • It is altered to observe its effects on the dependent variable.

    • What does a low p-value, such as 0.03, indicate in the context of hypothesis testing?

  • Strong evidence against the null hypothesis. (correct)
  • Evidence that results are meaningless.
  • Certainty in the hypothesis that was tested.
  • Weak evidence against the null hypothesis due to random chance.

    • Which factor is manipulated in an experiment to assess its impact?

  • Standard deviation
  • Controlled variable
  • Independent variable (correct)
  • Dependent variable

    • What do error bars in a graph signify about experimental data?

    <p>They reflect the variability or uncertainty in the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of statistics in scientific experimentation?

    <p>To analyze data and determine significance of results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does standard deviation contribute to understanding experimental results?

    <p>It shows how much the data points vary from the mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bile play in the duodenum?

    <p>It emulsifies fats for easier breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In designing an experiment for the plant module, what is a critical step?

    <p>Keeping controlled variables constant to ensure accurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specifically responsible for breaking down starch in the duodenum?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dependent variable represent in a scientific experiment?

    <p>The observed effect resulting from changes in the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs primarily in the jejunum and ileum?

    <p>Absorption of vitamins, amino acids, and sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the large intestine is accurate?

    <p>Water and electrolytes are absorbed here.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animals primarily obtain nitrogen?

    <p>By consuming plants or other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient do animals acquire through the consumption of water-rich foods?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the rectum and anus in the digestive system?

    <p>Storage and elimination of feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of bacteria in the large intestine?

    <p>They aid in breaking down some fibers and produce vitamins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of salivary amylase in the human digestive system?

    <p>Breaks down starch into maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism?

    <p>Gametic incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selective pressure is MOST likely to lead a population toward enhanced coloration for mate attraction?

    <p>Sexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the origin of species primarily relate to in the context of evolutionary biology?

    <p>Reproductive isolating mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do hybrid zones contribute to the understanding of speciation?

    <p>They allow gene flow between diverging species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?

    <p>Transport of food to the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do allopatric and sympatric speciation differ primarily?

    <p>Based on the habitat of populations involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of animals is characterized by having a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages?

    <p>Arthropoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the role of keystone species in a community?

    <p>They control the population of other species and influence community structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction exemplifies commensalism?

    <p>Barnacles on whales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant outcome of removing a keystone species from an ecosystem?

    <p>Disruption of the community structure and potential collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a top-down control system, which factor primarily regulates the population sizes of species?

    <p>Predators controlling prey and producers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a fundamental niche?

    <p>The resources a species can exploit without competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does competition affect species in an ecosystem?

    <p>Both species are harmed as they vie for shared resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies bottom-up control in an ecosystem?

    <p>Nutrient limitations leading to restricted plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a prey species is removed from a food web?

    <p>Predators may decline due to food scarcity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy from primary consumers is transferred to secondary consumers?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of energy loss in ecosystems?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy when tertiary consumers die?

    <p>It is passed to decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In energy flow within a food web, which trophic level typically has the smallest energy reserve?

    <p>Tertiary Consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy primarily utilized by organisms at each trophic level?

    <p>For maintenance, movement, and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is primarily responsible for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem?

    <p>Decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason energy transfer is inefficient in ecosystems?

    <p>Energy is often lost as heat during metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the base of an energy pyramid from the top?

    <p>The base has the largest energy store</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason carnivores have shorter digestive tracts compared to herbivores?

    <p>Animal tissues are easier to digest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of sharp canines in carnivores?

    <p>Used for tearing meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the circulatory system does deoxygenated blood pick up oxygen?

    <p>In the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Na^+^ in physiological processes?

    <p>Plays a role in muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes the movement of CO₂ in body tissues?

    <p>CO₂ moves from cells to blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific role do K^+^ ions have in physiological processes?

    <p>Facilitate nerve signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do herbivores have broad, flat molars?

    <p>To grind tough plant fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary direction of net movement of O₂ during gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>From alveoli to blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Final Exam Study Guide

    • The final exam is worth 100 points and has 50 questions.
    • It covers concepts and details from the semester.
    • Exam score contributes to the course grade.
    • If the exam score is higher than a previous exam, the lower grade will be boosted to match the final exam score.

    Science Skills

    • Define independent, dependent, and controlled variables.
      • Independent variable: the factor changed or manipulated.
      • Dependent variable: the factor measured or observed.
      • Controlled variable: the factors kept constant.
    • Design a simple experiment.
    • Interpret graphs, including error bars.
    • Define "standard deviation" and explain its use.
    • Explain the role of statistics in experimentation.
    • Interpret p-values.
      • Low p-value (e.g., <0.05): Strong evidence against the null hypothesis; effect is likely real.
      • High p-value (e.g., >0.05): Weak evidence against the null hypothesis; effect is likely due to chance.

    Plants

    • Plant Diversity: Know the key characteristics of each plant group.
    • Review lecture and lab materials.
    • Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)
      • Non-vascular tissue
      • Gametophyte is dominant
      • Reproduce with spores.
      • Require water for fertilization.
    • Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns, Horsetails, Club mosses)
      • Vascular tissue present
      • Sporophyte is dominant
      • Reproduce with spores.
      • Require water for fertilization
    • Gymnosperms (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo)
      • Vascular tissue present
      • Sporophyte is dominant
      • Reproduce with naked seeds
      • Do not require water for fertilization (wind pollination).
    • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
      • Vascular tissue present
      • Sporophyte is dominant
      • Reproduce using enclosed seeds in fruits.
      • Flowers attract pollinators.
    • Alternation of Generations
      • Sporophyte (2n): Diploid generation producing haploid spores via meiosis.
      • Spores (n): Grow into gametophyte via mitosis.
      • Gametophyte (n): Haploid generation producing gametes via mitosis.
      • Fertilization: Sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote.
    • Plant Reproduction:
      • Name the parts of a flower.
      • Label the parts of a seed.
    • Plant Structure:
      • Know the organ systems and their functions.
      • Name the 3 tissue layers.
      • Understand the structure of xylem and phloem.
    • Plant Nutrition: Understand the mutualisms between rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi with plants.

    Animal

    • Animal Diversity: Identify animals based on key traits.
    • Animal Digestion and Nutrition: Follow food through the digestive system.
    • Include the location of specific enzymes and their function.
    • Identify the major processes occurring at each step.
    • Plant Transport: Understand transpiration and phloem transport.

    Evolution

    • Natural Selection: Describe the process and its outcomes.
    • Origin of Species: Define and apply the biological species concept.
    • Understand pre- and post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.
    • Phylogeny: Interpret phylogenetic trees and know the Linnaean classification system.

    Additional Details

    • The study guide emphasizes visualizing processes and relationships among concepts.
    • It also highlights important connections and concepts introduced throughout the semester.
    • Review previous clicker questions, LBL questions, and old exams.

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    Related Documents

    BIOL 106 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your final exam with this comprehensive study guide covering essential concepts and skills from the semester. Focus on independent and dependent variables, designing experiments, and interpreting statistical data. This guide will help you bolster your understanding of key scientific principles critical for mastering the exam.

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