Science Final Exam Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of a controlled variable in an experiment?

  • It is the outcome that is measured during the experiment.
  • It is a factor that changes in response to the independent variable.
  • It provides a standard for comparison by remaining constant. (correct)
  • It is altered to observe its effects on the dependent variable.

What does a low p-value, such as 0.03, indicate in the context of hypothesis testing?

  • Strong evidence against the null hypothesis. (correct)
  • Evidence that results are meaningless.
  • Certainty in the hypothesis that was tested.
  • Weak evidence against the null hypothesis due to random chance.

Which factor is manipulated in an experiment to assess its impact?

  • Standard deviation
  • Controlled variable
  • Independent variable (correct)
  • Dependent variable

What do error bars in a graph signify about experimental data?

<p>They reflect the variability or uncertainty in the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of statistics in scientific experimentation?

<p>To analyze data and determine significance of results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does standard deviation contribute to understanding experimental results?

<p>It shows how much the data points vary from the mean. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does bile play in the duodenum?

<p>It emulsifies fats for easier breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In designing an experiment for the plant module, what is a critical step?

<p>Keeping controlled variables constant to ensure accurate results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is specifically responsible for breaking down starch in the duodenum?

<p>Pancreatic amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dependent variable represent in a scientific experiment?

<p>The observed effect resulting from changes in the independent variable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs primarily in the jejunum and ileum?

<p>Absorption of vitamins, amino acids, and sugars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the large intestine is accurate?

<p>Water and electrolytes are absorbed here. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do animals primarily obtain nitrogen?

<p>By consuming plants or other animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient do animals acquire through the consumption of water-rich foods?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the rectum and anus in the digestive system?

<p>Storage and elimination of feces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a role of bacteria in the large intestine?

<p>They aid in breaking down some fibers and produce vitamins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase in the human digestive system?

<p>Breaks down starch into maltose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism?

<p>Gametic incompatibility (A), Different mating calls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which selective pressure is MOST likely to lead a population toward enhanced coloration for mate attraction?

<p>Sexual selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the origin of species primarily relate to in the context of evolutionary biology?

<p>Reproductive isolating mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do hybrid zones contribute to the understanding of speciation?

<p>They allow gene flow between diverging species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?

<p>Transport of food to the intestines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do allopatric and sympatric speciation differ primarily?

<p>Based on the habitat of populations involved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of animals is characterized by having a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages?

<p>Arthropoda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of keystone species in a community?

<p>They control the population of other species and influence community structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction exemplifies commensalism?

<p>Barnacles on whales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant outcome of removing a keystone species from an ecosystem?

<p>Disruption of the community structure and potential collapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a top-down control system, which factor primarily regulates the population sizes of species?

<p>Predators controlling prey and producers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a fundamental niche?

<p>The resources a species can exploit without competition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does competition affect species in an ecosystem?

<p>Both species are harmed as they vie for shared resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies bottom-up control in an ecosystem?

<p>Nutrient limitations leading to restricted plant growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a prey species is removed from a food web?

<p>Predators may decline due to food scarcity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy from primary consumers is transferred to secondary consumers?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of energy loss in ecosystems?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy when tertiary consumers die?

<p>It is passed to decomposers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In energy flow within a food web, which trophic level typically has the smallest energy reserve?

<p>Tertiary Consumers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is energy primarily utilized by organisms at each trophic level?

<p>For maintenance, movement, and reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is primarily responsible for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem?

<p>Decomposers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason energy transfer is inefficient in ecosystems?

<p>Energy is often lost as heat during metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the base of an energy pyramid from the top?

<p>The base has the largest energy store (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason carnivores have shorter digestive tracts compared to herbivores?

<p>Animal tissues are easier to digest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of sharp canines in carnivores?

<p>Used for tearing meat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the circulatory system does deoxygenated blood pick up oxygen?

<p>In the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Na^+^ in physiological processes?

<p>Plays a role in muscle contraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the movement of CO₂ in body tissues?

<p>CO₂ moves from cells to blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific role do K^+^ ions have in physiological processes?

<p>Facilitate nerve signaling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do herbivores have broad, flat molars?

<p>To grind tough plant fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of net movement of O₂ during gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>From alveoli to blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Independent Variable

The factor you change or manipulate in an experiment to see its effect.

Dependent Variable

The factor you measure or observe as it responds to the independent variable.

Controlled Variables

Factors kept constant to ensure a fair test. They prevent other variables from affecting the results.

Experimental Design

The process of designing and conducting an experiment to test a hypothesis.

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Standard Deviation

A measure of the variability of data from the mean. It tells you how spread out your data is.

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Statistics in Experimentation

The use of mathematical methods to analyze and interpret data.

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P-value

The probability of observing your results (or more extreme ones) if your null hypothesis is true.

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Type I Error

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

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Natural Selection

A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more, passing those advantageous traits to their offspring.

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Selective Pressure

A pressure that favors certain traits making those individuals more likely to reproduce.

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Reproductive Isolation

The inability of two species to produce viable, fertile offspring due to reproductive barriers.

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Pre-zygotic Isolation

A mechanism that prevents individuals from different species from interbreeding before fertilization.

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Post-zygotic Isolation

A mechanism that prevents hybrid offspring from developing or reproducing successfully.

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Allopatric Speciation

Speciation where two populations are geographically separated, leading to divergence and eventual isolation.

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Sympatric Speciation

Speciation occurring within the same geographic area, usually due to factors like disruptive selection or polyploidy.

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Hybrid Zone

A region where two distinct species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring.

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What happens in the duodenum?

Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver work together to break down food in the duodenum.

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What enzymes are involved in the duodenum?

Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch, lipase breaks down fats, proteases break down proteins, and maltase, lactase, and sucrase break down sugars.

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What happens in the jejunum and ileum?

The jejunum and ileum are responsible for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

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What happens in the large intestine?

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, compacts waste into feces, and is home to bacteria that break down fibers and produce vitamins.

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What is the role of the rectum and anus?

Waste (feces) is stored in the rectum and expelled through the anus.

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How do plants obtain carbon?

Plants obtain carbon from the atmosphere (CO₂).

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How do animals obtain carbon?

Animals obtain carbon by consuming plants or other animals that have consumed plants.

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How do plants obtain nitrogen?

Plants obtain nitrogen from soil (nitrates and ammonium) that are made available by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and decomposition.

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Herbivore diet

A diet consisting primarily of plant material, such as fruits, vegetables, and grains.

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Carnivore diet

A diet consisting mainly of animal flesh, including meat, fish, and insects.

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Omnivore diet

A diet that includes both plant and animal matter.

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Surface area to volume ratio

The amount of surface area relative to the volume of an object. A higher surface area to volume ratio allows for faster and more efficient transfer of substances.

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Circulation

The process of transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and removing waste products.

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Path of blood circulation in the heart

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Then, the oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body.

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Gas exchange in body tissues

The process by which the oxygenated blood delivers oxygen to the body cells and collects carbon dioxide waste.

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Gas exchange in the lungs

The process by which the blood in the lungs picks up oxygen from the inhaled air and releases carbon dioxide waste.

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Mutualism

Both species benefit from the interaction. For example, bees get nectar from flowers and pollinate them in the process.

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Commensalism

One species benefits, and the other is unaffected. For example, barnacles on whales get a ride and a place to live without harming the whale.

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Predation

A predator benefits by consuming its prey, which is harmed. For example, a lion hunts and eats a zebra.

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Parasitism

A parasite benefits by living on or in a host, which is harmed. For example, ticks feed on the blood of mammals.

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Competition

Both species are harmed as they compete for the same resources, like food or shelter. For example, two species of birds competing for the same type of seeds.

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Interdependence and Food Webs

Species in a community are interconnected, affecting one another through interactions and energy flow.

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Top-Down Control

Predators control prey populations, which in turn control producers. For example, wolves in Yellowstone control elk populations, which affects vegetation.

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Bottom-Up Control

Producers (plants) control the abundance of herbivores and predators. For example, nutrient availability limits plant growth, affecting the rest of the food web.

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Secondary Consumers

Organisms that consume other animals (primary consumers) for energy. They occupy the third trophic level in an ecosystem.

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Tertiary Consumers

Top predators in an ecosystem, they eat secondary consumers for energy. They are at the highest trophic level (fourth).

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Detritivores and Decomposers

Organisms like fungi, bacteria, and detritivores (e.g., earthworms) that break down dead organic matter from all trophic levels. They play a crucial role in nutrient recycling.

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Energy Loss in Ecosystems

The process through which energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next, typically around 90% is lost.

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Heat Loss

The primary way energy is lost throughout trophic levels. Organisms use energy for various processes, converting most of it into heat.

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Incomplete Consumption

Organisms don't eat every single part of their prey, some parts like bones and roots go uneaten, causing energy loss.

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Incomplete Assimilation

Not all consumed food is fully digested, some energy passes through the digestive system as waste, representing lost energy.

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Energy Pyramid

A visual representation depicting the energy flow throughout trophic levels in an ecosystem. The base has the largest energy stores, and each successive level receives less energy.

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Study Notes

Final Exam Study Guide

  • The final exam is worth 100 points and has 50 questions.
  • It covers concepts and details from the semester.
  • Exam score contributes to the course grade.
  • If the exam score is higher than a previous exam, the lower grade will be boosted to match the final exam score.

Science Skills

  • Define independent, dependent, and controlled variables.
    • Independent variable: the factor changed or manipulated.
    • Dependent variable: the factor measured or observed.
    • Controlled variable: the factors kept constant.
  • Design a simple experiment.
  • Interpret graphs, including error bars.
  • Define "standard deviation" and explain its use.
  • Explain the role of statistics in experimentation.
  • Interpret p-values.
    • Low p-value (e.g., <0.05): Strong evidence against the null hypothesis; effect is likely real.
    • High p-value (e.g., >0.05): Weak evidence against the null hypothesis; effect is likely due to chance.

Plants

  • Plant Diversity: Know the key characteristics of each plant group.
  • Review lecture and lab materials.
  • Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)
    • Non-vascular tissue
    • Gametophyte is dominant
    • Reproduce with spores.
    • Require water for fertilization.
  • Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns, Horsetails, Club mosses)
    • Vascular tissue present
    • Sporophyte is dominant
    • Reproduce with spores.
    • Require water for fertilization
  • Gymnosperms (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo)
    • Vascular tissue present
    • Sporophyte is dominant
    • Reproduce with naked seeds
    • Do not require water for fertilization (wind pollination).
  • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
    • Vascular tissue present
    • Sporophyte is dominant
    • Reproduce using enclosed seeds in fruits.
    • Flowers attract pollinators.
  • Alternation of Generations
    • Sporophyte (2n): Diploid generation producing haploid spores via meiosis.
    • Spores (n): Grow into gametophyte via mitosis.
    • Gametophyte (n): Haploid generation producing gametes via mitosis.
    • Fertilization: Sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote.
  • Plant Reproduction:
    • Name the parts of a flower.
    • Label the parts of a seed.
  • Plant Structure:
    • Know the organ systems and their functions.
    • Name the 3 tissue layers.
    • Understand the structure of xylem and phloem.
  • Plant Nutrition: Understand the mutualisms between rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi with plants.

Animal

  • Animal Diversity: Identify animals based on key traits.
  • Animal Digestion and Nutrition: Follow food through the digestive system.
  • Include the location of specific enzymes and their function.
  • Identify the major processes occurring at each step.
  • Plant Transport: Understand transpiration and phloem transport.

Evolution

  • Natural Selection: Describe the process and its outcomes.
  • Origin of Species: Define and apply the biological species concept.
  • Understand pre- and post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.
  • Phylogeny: Interpret phylogenetic trees and know the Linnaean classification system.

Additional Details

  • The study guide emphasizes visualizing processes and relationships among concepts.
  • It also highlights important connections and concepts introduced throughout the semester.
  • Review previous clicker questions, LBL questions, and old exams.

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BIOL 106 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Prepare for your final exam with this comprehensive study guide covering essential concepts and skills from the semester. Focus on independent and dependent variables, designing experiments, and interpreting statistical data. This guide will help you bolster your understanding of key scientific principles critical for mastering the exam.

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