Science E Assessment: Matter and Its Forms
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of matter?

  • Anything that takes up space.
  • Anything that has mass and takes up space. (correct)
  • All living things.
  • All non-living things.

    • What is the difference between elements and compounds?

  • Elements are made of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements. (correct)
  • Elements are pure substances, while compounds are mixtures.
  • Elements are mixtures, while compounds are pure substances.
  • Elements are made of atoms, while compounds are made of molecules.

    • What type of bond occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?

  • Covalent bond
  • Polar bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond (correct)

    • What is the correct order of the central dogma?

    <p>DNA → RNA → Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proteins in living organisms?

    <p>To build and repair tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded?

    <p>Mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a segment of mRNA is used to produce a corresponding protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general reaction type in which a single compound breaks down into two or more products?

    <p>Decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a combustion reaction?

    <p>CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchy of life organization, from smallest to largest?

    <p>Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mole ratio of particles to moles?

    <p>1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate moles from mass and molar mass?

    <p>Moles = Mass / Molar Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of viruses that makes them nonliving?

    <p>They are unable to reproduce without a host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a reaction that releases heat to the surroundings?

    <p>Exothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings?

    <p>Endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Matter

    • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
    • It includes everything around us, from air to solids and liquids.

    Differences between Elements, Molecules, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements: Pure substances consisting of only one type of atom (e.g., Oxygen, O₂).
    • Molecules: Two or more atoms bonded together, which can be the same or different elements (e.g., O₂, H₂O).
    • Compounds: Substances made up of two or more different elements chemically bonded together (e.g., Water, H₂O).
    • Mixtures: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded (e.g., salt water).

    Bonding

    • Ionic Bonding: Occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions (e.g., NaCl).
    • Covalent Bonding: Occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell (e.g., H₂O).

    Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds

    • Write the symbol of the cation (positive ion) and the anion (negative ion).
    • Balance the charges to ensure the compound is neutral.
    • Name the cation first, followed by the anion with an "-ide" suffix (e.g., NaCl is sodium chloride).

    Characteristics of Living Things

    • Living things:
      • Are made of cells
      • Grow and develop
      • Reproduce
      • Respond to stimuli
      • Obtain and use energy
      • Maintain homeostasis
      • Evolve over time

    Importance of Protein

    • Proteins are essential for:
      • Building and repairing tissues
      • Enzymatic activities
      • Transporting molecules
      • Immune responses

    Central Dogma

    • The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.

    Transcription and Translation

    • Transcription: The process by which a segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
    • Translation: The process by which the sequence of an mRNA molecule is used to produce a corresponding protein.

    Reactions

    • Types of Reactions:
      • Combination: Two or more substances combine to form one product (e.g., A + B → AB).
      • Decomposition: A single compound breaks down into two or more products (e.g., AB → A + B).
      • Single Displacement: One element replaces another in a compound (e.g., A + BC → AC + B).
      • Double Displacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds (e.g., AB + CD → AD + CB).
      • Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of light and heat (e.g., CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O).

    Writing Chemical Reactions

    • Write the reactants on the left side, products on the right side, and balance the equation.
    • Balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients to ensure the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.

    Hierarchy of Life / Organization

    • Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

    Moles

    • Determining the Molar Mass of a Compound:
      • Add the atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound (e.g., H₂O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 g/mol).
    • Calculations between Moles, Particles, and Avogadro’s Number:
      • 1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules).
    • Calculations between Moles, Mass, and Molar Mass:
      • Moles = Mass / Molar Mass.
    • Using Mole Ratios from Chemical Equations to Determine the Amount of Product Being Made:
      • Use the coefficients in the balanced equation to find the ratio of reactants to products.
    • Calculating the Limiting Reactant:
      • Determine which reactant produces the least amount of product, as it limits the reaction.

    Viruses

    • Characteristics (Living/Nonliving):
      • Viruses are considered nonliving because they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes without a host cell.
    • Structure:
      • Capsid: Protein shell
      • Genetic Material: DNA or RNA
      • Envelope: Some have a lipid envelope
    • Life Cycle of Viruses:
      • Attachment
      • Entry
      • Replication
      • Assembly
      • Release

    Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

    • Define:
      • Endothermic: Absorbs heat from surroundings (e.g., melting ice).
      • Exothermic: Releases heat to surroundings (e.g., combustion).
    • Identify Features from Energy Profile Graphs:
      • Endothermic: Products have higher energy than reactants.
      • Exothermic: Products have lower energy than reactants.

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    Description

    Review the basics of matter, including elements, molecules, compounds, and mixtures, for the Science E assessment and end-of-year exam. Understand the differences between each form of matter.

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