Science Class: Physical and Chemical Changes

Biology Multiple Choice

• Cell Structure: Genetic material (DNA) in an animal cell is found in the nucleus.

• Waste Digestion: Lysosomes are organelles that digest waste and food particles.

• Protein Production: Ribosomes synthesize proteins.

• Prokaryotic Organelles: Prokaryotic cells lack an endoplasmic reticulum.

• Cell Wall Function: The primary function of a cell wall is to provide support and protection.

• Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts are responsible for converting light energy into sugars during photosynthesis.

• Cell Movement: Flagella are used for cell movement (swimming).

• Prokaryotic DNA Location: Prokaryotic DNA is located in the nucleoid region, and sometimes plasmids.

• Cell Identification (from image): The best answer for an image will depend on visual features in the image. There's no image provided to determine the cell type.

• Photosynthesis Pigment: Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs sunlight in photosynthesis.

• Gamete Production: Meiosis is the process of producing gametes (sperm and eggs).

• Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization occurs when gametes combine from two parents.

• Genetic Material: Chromosomes carry genetic material (DNA).

• Body Cell Production: Mitosis generates new body cells.

• Plant Fertilization: Plant fertilization can occur via wind, water currents, or animals.

• Meiosis Product: Meiosis produces reproductive cells (gametes) like sperm.

• Sexual Reproduction Benefits: Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation.

• Spontaneous Generation: Spontaneous generation proposes that living things arise from non-living matter. It is incorrect.

• Reproduction Definition: Reproduction involves forming offspring and making new cells.

• Offspring Description: Offspring are new organisms produced by living things.

• Cell Reproduction: Cells reproduce via cell division.

• DNA Structure: Chromatin is a collection of DNA threads. The repeating units are nucleotides.

• DNA Base Pairing: Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

• DNA Structure (sides): The side of the DNA ladder consists of sugar and phosphate.

• RNA Function: RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to build proteins.

• DNA Base Sequence: If one strand has ACGTTGACT, the complementary strand is TGCAACTGA.

• Cell Cycle Stages: The stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

• Mitosis Prophase Event: Centromeres do not pull apart during prophase.

• Cell Cycle Differences (plants and animals): Plant cells have cell plate formation during cytokinesis.

• Mitosis Spindle Fiber Anchor: Centrioles anchor spindle fibers in animal cells during mitosis.

• Cell Division Calculation: If a cell divides every hour, after 8 hours there would be 256 cells (2^8).

• Amoeba Reproduction: Amoebas reproduce by mitotic cell division.

• Binary Fission Result: Binary fission produces two daughter cells that are equal in size and shape.

• Budding Example: Yeast reproduces through budding.

• Budding Cell Sizes: Budding results in two cells of different sizes.

• Mold Reproduction: Mold reproduction involves spores.

• Regeneration Capability: Some animals can regenerate lost body parts.

• Human Regeneration: Human regeneration is limited to specific tissues.

• Ribosome Structure: Ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins.

• Mitosis Spindle Apparatus Aid: Centrioles work with the spindle apparatus in mitosis.

• Ribosome Production Site: Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.

• Cell Movement Structures: Cilia aid in cell movement.

• Cytoplasm Definition: The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled region of the cell.

• Energy Production Organelle: Mitochondria produce ATP (energy) in eukaryotic cells.

• Waste Breakdown Organelle: Lysosomes break down waste material and cell parts.

• Cell Support Structures: Both microfilaments and microtubules provide cell structure and support.

• Prokaryotic Cell Definition: A prokaryotic cell is a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus.

• Binary Fission Example: Bacteria reproduce via binary fission.

• Mold Reproduction Method: Sporulation is the mold reproduction method.

• Mold Energy Source: Molds get energy from the food they grow on.

• Mold Reproductive Cells: Mold reproductive cells are spores.

• Plant Asexual Reproduction: Plant asexual reproduction can involve runners (layering).

• Plant Reproduction Methods: Plants can reproduce both sexually (with flowers) and asexually (runners/layering).

• Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages: Asexual reproduction disadvantages include limited genetic variation and potential harm from disease or environmental changes.

• Plant Cross-Pollination: Cross-pollination is when pollen from one plant lands on another plant's stigma.

• Human Fertilization Site: Fertilization in humans occurs in the fallopian tube.

• Meiosis Diagram Phase (1): Meiosis diagram with tetrads and chiasmata indicates prophase I.

• Meiosis Diagram Phase (2): Meiosis diagram with sister chromatids lining up indicates metaphase II.

• Flower Pistil: The pistil is the female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovule).

• Plant Sexual Reproduction Requirement: For sexual reproduction, a plant creates a seed.

• Human Fertilization Process: The process of human fertilization involves sperm breaking down the egg's membrane, fusion of membranes, hardening of egg membrane to prevent polyspermy, and combination of egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote.

• Cellular Energy Production: Mitochondria produce ATP for cellular energy.

• Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes' primary function is protein synthesis.

• Protein Modification: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

Chemistry Multiple Choice

• Physical Property Example: Corrosion is a chemical property, not a physical one.
• Pure Substance Classification: A substance containing carbon and oxygen is most likely a compound.
• Nuclear Component Absence: Electrons are not found in the nucleus of an atom.
• Matter Definition: Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Malleability: The ability to be hammered into thin sheets is malleability.
• Definite Shape/Volume (State of Matter): Solids have a definite shape and volume.
• Mass Definition: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object
• Volume Definition: Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.
• State Change Classification: A change in state of matter is a physical change.
• Chemical Property Example: Reactivity with oxygen is a chemical property.
• Matter Density: Density describes the amount of matter packed into a given volume.
• Gas Characteristics: Gases do not have a definite shape.
• Solubility Definition: Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another.
• Conductivity Definition: Conductivity is the ability to conduct heat or electricity.
• Liquid Particle Arrangement: Liquid particles are close together but can flow past each other.
• Boiling Point Transition: Water boils when it changes from a liquid to a gas.
• Melting Point Transition: Metals melt when they change from a solid to a liquid.
• Ductility Definition: Ductility is the ability to be drawn into wires.
• Chemical Change Example: Iron rusting is an example of a chemical change, not a physical change.
• Physical Property Example: Boiling point is a physical property.
• Liquid to Solid Change: Liquid changing into a solid is called freezing.
• Gas to Liquid Change: Changing a gas into a liquid is called condensation.
• Not a Physical Change: Burning wood is a chemical change, not a physical change.
• Smallest Unit of Matter: The smallest unit of matter is an atom.
• Particle Movement with Heat: Particles move faster when heated.
• Boiling Point Classification: Boiling point is a physical property.
• Stretching Ability: The ability to be stretched is elasticity, not ductility.
• Chemical Change Definition: A chemical change produces a new substance.
• Viscosity Definition: Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow.
• Density Definition: Density is the amount of matter in a given volume.
• Chemical Property Example (in water): Water reacting with sodium is a chemical property.
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative: Boiling point, mass, are quantitative. Color, density, smell are qualitative.
• Qualitative/Quantitative Observation Example: "The liquid is blue" is qualitative; "The liquid has a mass of 50 grams" is quantitative.
• Physical Property: The property associated with the shininess of a substance is luster.

Biology Fill in the Blank

• Cell Theory Principles: All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Cell Structure Detail: The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotic cells, with the cell membrane acting as a protective barrier, mitochondria providing energy, ribosomes synthesizing proteins (in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum), and vacuoles storing water, nutrients, and waste (larger in plant cells). The cell wall (plant cells only) adds support and protection. Lysosomes break down cellular waste.
• Prokaryotic Cell Structure: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, instead the genetic material (DNA) is contained within a nucleoid. The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are smaller. Protection from harsh environments might be provided by a slime capsule. Movement may have flagella.. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually via binary fission.
• DNA Components: DNA's monomers are nucleotides, made of phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G).
• DNA Structure Detail: DNA forms a double helix, where bases pair (A with T, C with G), held together by hydrogen bonds with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
• Cell Cycle Components: The cell cycle includes interphase (growth, DNA replication), mitosis (chromosome separation), and cytokinesis.
• Mitosis Phases: Prophase (chromosomes condense), metaphase (chromosomes line up), anaphase (sister chromatids separate), telophase (new nuclei form), and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
• Cytokinesis Differences (plants and animals): Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells pinch in half.
• Mitosis Chromosome Separators: Centrioles and spindle fibers guide chromosome movement during mitosis.
• Asexual Reproduction Types: Binary fission in unicellular organisms, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative reproduction (in plants).
• Sexual Reproduction Components: Sexual reproduction involves fusion of gametes and produces genetically diverse offspring, with male gametes called sperm and female gametes called egg. The fusion of gametes is called fertilization, this creates a zygote, and meiosis is the cell division that creates gametes.
• Meiosis Stages and Result: Meiosis proceeds through phases with homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis I. The resulting cells in meiosis II are haploid. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I is critical for genetic variation.
• Flower Structure: The pistil is the female part of the flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary, while the stamen are the male parts of the flower with anther and filament.

Chemistry Fill in the Blank

• Matter Definition: Matter has mass and occupies space.
• States of Matter: The three states are solid, liquid, and gas.
• Solid Characteristics: Solids have a definite shape and volume.
• Liquid Characteristics: Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
• Gas Characteristics: Gases don't have a definite shape or volume.
• Mass Definition: Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• Volume Definition: Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.

Short Answer Biology

• Mitochondria in Muscle Cells: Muscle cells need more mitochondria to produce sufficient energy for muscle movement.

• Sugar Transport: Sugar will enter mitochondria for energy usage, or a vacuole for storage depending on need.


• Plant Cell Vacuoles: Plant vacuoles are larger for water storage due to the plant's immobile nature.

• RNA vs. DNA: DNA is double-stranded, uses A-T and C-G base pairs, uses deoxyribose sugar. RNA is single-stranded, uses A-U and C-G, and uses ribose sugar, with varieties like mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

• Interphase Activities: Interphase involves cell growth, DNA and organelle replication, protein synthesis, and ongoing cellular functions.

• Nerve Cell Repair: Spinal cord and brain injuries don't heal because nerve cells often get stuck in the interphase portion of the cycle.

• Plant Pollination: Wind, water, and insects (seeking nectar) are common plant pollination methods, with animals also playing a role.

• Crossing Over: Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, which is crucial for genetic variation( diversity).

Short Answer Chemistry

• Chemical Exposure: If a chemical is in your eye, immediately flush the eye with water from the eyewash station or equivalent safety measure. Notify the teacher/instructor.

• Safety Equipment: Know the locations of fire extinguishers, first aid kits, eyewash stations.

• Atom Parts and Charges: Atoms have protons (positive, in the nucleus), neutrons (neutral, in the nucleus), and electrons (negative, orbiting the nucleus).

• Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data Examples: The examples are given across the different types of data, from data examples given across the different types of examples of data given.

• Material Classifications: Classify each material by whether it is an element, compound, solution, colloid, suspension, or a mechanical mixture

• Physical vs. Chemical Changes: A physical change affects matter's appearance but doesn't create a new substance; a chemical change produces a new substance.

Test your understanding of physical and chemical changes in this engaging quiz. Explore key concepts such as cell structures, types of changes, and the functions of various organelles. Perfect for science students looking to reinforce their knowledge.