Science Class 10

Water Cycle

• Water constantly moves between Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land through processes like evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
• Water cycle is vital for life, as it distributes water and nutrients throughout the environment.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
• It involves the absorption of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen and glucose.

Food Chain and Food Web

• A food chain is a series of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level representing a different trophic level.
• A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing the complex relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
• Both food chains and food webs demonstrate the flow of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem.

Feeding Relationships

• Feeding relationships can be classified as predator-prey, parasite-host, and symbiotic relationships.
• These relationships shape the structure and function of ecosystems.

Atoms and the Periodic Table

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• The periodic table is a chart that organizes elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Atomic Structure

• Atomic structure consists of a central nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons orbiting at different energy levels.
• The number of protons in an atom determines the element, while the number of electrons determines the charge.

Impure and Pure Substances

• A pure substance is a substance that has a fixed composition and properties.
• An impure substance is a mixture of two or more substances, with varying compositions and properties.

Gases

• Gases are a state of matter characterized by their ability to expand and fill containers.
• Gases have low densities and can be compressed.

Physical Change

• A physical change is a change in the state or form of a substance, but not its chemical composition.
• Examples include melting, freezing, and condensation.

Chemical Change

• A chemical change is a change in the chemical composition of a substance, resulting in a new substance.
• Examples include combustion, rusting, and oxidation.

Nutrients and their Sources

• Nutrients are essential for human health, and can be obtained from various sources, including plants, animals, and supplements.
• Examples of nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

Teeth Structure and Function

• Teeth are composed of enamel, dentin, and cementum, and are responsible for breaking down food through mechanical digestion.
• The structure of teeth is adapted to their specific functions, such as incisors for cutting and molars for grinding.

Digestion and Digestive System

• Digestion is the process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
• The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and is responsible for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

Respiration

• Respiration is the process of generating energy from the breakdown of glucose and other nutrients.
• It involves the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide through cellular respiration.

Separation of Mixtures

• Mixtures are composed of two or more substances, and can be separated through various methods, such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation.
• The choice of separation method depends on the properties of the mixture and the desired outcome.