Science Chapter: States of Matter & Conversions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?

Mass (correct)

Boiling point

Density

Color

What does the law of multiple proportions state?

All elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.

Compounds can form from the same elements in different ratios, resulting in different compounds. (correct)

The mass of reactants equals the mass of products in a reversible reaction.

Different isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

Which statement best describes isotopes?

They are atoms of the same element with different numbers of protons.

They are atoms of different elements with the same mass.

They are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. (correct)

They are atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of electrons.

In the periodic table, elements are primarily arranged by their:

Atomic number (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a physical reaction compared to a chemical reaction?

No new substances are produced. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between intensive and extensive properties?

Extensive properties depend on the amount of substance, while intensive do not. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is average atomic mass calculated for an element with isotopes?

It is a weighted average based on the abundance of each isotope. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about significant figures is false?

Trailing zeros are only significant if there is a decimal point. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main observation from Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

Most alpha particles passed through without deflection. (A) Signup and view all the answers

When converting temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin, which statement is true?

To convert, you add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a molecular formula from an empirical formula?

A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms, while an empirical formula shows the simplest ratio. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding accuracy and precision in measurements?

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the law of conservation of mass relate to chemical reactions?

The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in a closed system. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Dalton's Atomic Theory?

Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in chemical reactions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the oil drop experiment conducted by Millikan?

It provided evidence for the electron's existence and allowed calculations of its charge. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electrons during the formation of ionic compounds?

They are lost or transferred from the metal to the nonmetal. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the naming of compounds?

Three different types of compounds are named using specific rules. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cation with the formula Ag+?

Silver ion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about common cations is correct?

There are cations with a 1+ charge, such as lithium and sodium. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of formula is typically written for ionic compounds?

Empirical formula (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary flaw in J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom?

It failed to explain the scattering of alpha particles. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the nuclear model of the atom, where are protons and neutrons located?

Within the nucleus of the atom. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle has a negligible mass compared to protons and neutrons?

Electron (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a magnesium ion?

2+ (A) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons in the nucleus. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is known as cupric ion?

Cu2+ (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the ion represented by Pb2+?

Plumbous ion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is recognized as ferrous ion?

Fe2+ (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct relative mass of a neutron compared to a proton?

Equal to that of a proton. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a zinc ion?

2+ (B) Signup and view all the answers

Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to which significant conclusion about atomic structure?

At least some of an atom's mass is concentrated in a small nucleus. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name for the ion Co2+?

Cobalt(II) ion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why do atoms have no overall charge?

Because the number of protons equals the number of electrons. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is referred to as stannous ion?

Sn2+ (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ions belongs to the group of common cations mentioned?

Mg2+ (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of carbon?

6 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines isotopes?

Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the mass number of Carbon-14?

14 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the mercury(II) ion?

Hg2+ (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is atomic weight calculated?

By weighting the isotope masses by their relative abundances (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate mass contribution of protons and neutrons in an atom?

Both protons and neutrons contribute significantly to the mass. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which carbon isotope is most abundant in nature?

Carbon 12 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to express atomic mass at the atomic level?

Atomic mass unit (amu) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about isotopes is false?

Isotopes may have the same mass number but different elements. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is used for a polyatomic cation?

-ium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ion represented by NO3−?

nitrate (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of oxyanions demonstrates the use of -ite and -ate correctly?

SO3 2− is sulfite; SO4 2− is sulfate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What prefix indicates the presence of four oxygens in oxyanion nomenclature?

per- (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the name of an acid derived from an anion ending in -ate?

Change the ending to -ic acid (A) Signup and view all the answers

If an anion ends in -ide, how is the acid named?

Change to -ous acid and add the prefix hydro- (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which compound correctly uses prefixes in its name?

N2O4 is dinitrogen tetroxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about nomenclature of binary molecular compounds is true?

Prefixes indicate the number of each element in the compound (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct prefix for a compound that contains four atoms of an element?

tetra- (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the prefix when it ends in a or o and the next element starts with a vowel?

The two vowels are combined into one. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how to name an alcohol?

The name is derived from the alkane with an ending of -ol. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are classified as having the simplest structure in organic chemistry?

Alkanes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures?

Isomers (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the prefix for the first element of a compound treated if it is mono-?

Not used if it is the first element listed. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the compound 1-Propanol, what does the '1-' indicate?

The -OH group is connected to the first carbon atom. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for both 1-Propanol and 2-Propanol?

C3H8O (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

States of Matter

Solids maintain a fixed shape and volume.
Liquids maintain a fixed volume but adapt to the shape of their container.
Gases neither maintain a fixed shape nor volume.

Metric Conversions

Common metric prefixes (kilo-, centi-, milli-) are crucial for conversions.

Density Calculations

Density equals mass divided by volume (Density = mass/volume).

Unit Conversions (Numerator/Denominator)

Conversions involving numerator and denominator units require careful unit manipulation for accurate calculations.

Significant Figures in Calculations

Significant figures (SF) determine the precision of scientific results.
Rules govern SF in calculation outcomes (addition/subtraction and multiplication/division).

Metric Prefixes

Memorize the values of metric prefixes (kilo, centi, milli, etc.).

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties

Intensive properties (density, boiling point) are independent of substance amount.
Extensive properties (mass, volume) depend on substance amount.

Physical vs. Chemical Reactions

Physical changes alter a substance's form but not its composition.
Chemical reactions change the substances' composition.

Temperature Conversions

Convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales.

Accuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy measures how close a measurement is to the true value.
Precision describes the reproducibility of measurements.

Scientific Notation

Use scientific notation to concisely express very large or small numbers.

Exact vs. Inexact Numbers

Exact numbers have no uncertainty, while inexact numbers have associated uncertainties affecting significant figures.

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Dalton proposed elements are composed of atoms.
All atoms of an element are identical.
Chemical reactions involve atom rearrangement.

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Constant Composition: A compound's elements are always in the same proportion by mass.
Law of Multiple Proportions: If elements form multiple compounds, mass ratios are simple whole numbers.
Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in reactions.

Atomic Structure

Rutherford's gold foil experiment: Discovered the atomic nucleus – a dense, positively charged core.
Millikan's oil drop experiment: Determined the electron's charge.
Thomson's plum pudding model: Described the atom as a sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons.

Radioactivity

Radioactive elements spontaneously emit particles and energy.
Three types of radiation: alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) rays.

Atomic Properties

Atoms comprise protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron counts.

Average Atomic Mass

The average atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of isotopes, considering their relative abundances.
Average atomic mass is given in atomic mass units (amu).

Periodic Table

Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on atomic structure and properties.
Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
- Periods are horizontal rows.
- Groups are vertical columns.
- Elements in the same group share similar chemical properties.

Molecular and Empirical Formulas

Molecular formulas represent the exact number of atoms in a molecule.
Empirical formulas show the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Subatomic Particle Counting

Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom or ion.

Ionic Compound Nomenclature and Formulas

Name and write formulas for ionic compounds (e.g., sodium chloride, magnesium oxide).

Molecular Compound Nomenclature and Formulas

Name and write formulas for molecular compounds (e.g., carbon dioxide, water).
Use prefixes to denote the number of atoms of each element in the compound (e.g., mono-, di-, tri-, etc.).

Acid Nomenclature and Formulas

Name and write formulas for acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid).
Use prefixes and suffixes to name acids based on the anion.

Simple Organic Compound Nomenclature

Name and write formulas for simple organic compounds (e.g., methane, ethane).
The names of organic compounds are formed by the number of carbons, followed by "-ane”.

Nomenclature of Alcohols

When a hydrogen atom in an alkane is replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) group, the compound is an alcohol.
The name of an alcohol is derived from the name of the alkane chain, and "-ol" is added as the suffix.

Nomenclature Isomers: Alcohols

Isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures.
Alcohols can have different structural formulas for the same empirical formula (e.g. 1-propanol and 2-propanol).

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on the states of matter, metric conversions, and density calculations. This quiz covers key concepts such as significant figures and intensive vs. extensive properties. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of fundamental scientific principles.