Science Chapter: States of Matter & Conversions

A state of matter characterized by a fixed shape and volume. The particles in a solid are tightly packed and have limited movement.

A state of matter that takes the shape of its container but has a fixed volume. The particles in a liquid are close together but have more freedom to move around.

A state of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container. The particles in a gas are far apart and move randomly.

The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume. It is a measure of how much matter is packed into a given space.

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. These are the basic building blocks of matter.

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. It is the basic building block of matter.

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical identity of an element.

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

The process where electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

A system of naming chemical compounds.

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses electrons.

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons.

A chemical formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

A one or two letter symbol representing an element. The first letter is always capitalized.

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, determining its chemical identity.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Atoms of the same element having the same number of protons but different mass numbers due to varying neutron counts.

A unit used to measure the masses of atoms and molecules, approximately equal to the mass of a proton or neutron.

The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

The relative abundance of an isotope in nature is expressed as a fraction.

The average mass of an atom of a specific element, taking into account the relative abundances of its isotopes.

J.J. Thomson proposed that the atom resembled a sphere of positively charged matter with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, resembling a plum pudding.

Rutherford's gold foil experiment involved firing alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. He observed that most particles passed through undeflected, while some were deflected at large angles, indicating a dense, positively charged center.

The nuclear model of the atom, proposed by Rutherford, posits a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at the center, with electrons orbiting around it.

The atomic nucleus contains protons, which are positively charged, and neutrons, which have no charge. Electrons, negatively charged, orbit the nucleus.

Since atoms have no net charge, the number of protons (positive) must equal the number of electrons (negative) in a neutral atom.

The mass of an atom is primarily determined by the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, as the mass of electrons is negligible.

The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Most of the atom is empty space, with electrons orbiting around the nucleus.

A polyatomic ion with a positive charge is named by adding the suffix '-ium' to the root name.

An anion formed from a single element is named by changing the ending of the element's name to '-ide'.

In oxyanions, the ion with fewer oxygen atoms ends in '-ite' while the one with more oxygen atoms ends in '-ate'.

The magnesium ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Mg2+.

The calcium ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Ca2+.

The strontium ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Sr2+.

The barium ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Ba2+.

The zinc ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Zn2+.

The cobalt(II) or cobaltous ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Co2+.

The copper(II) or cupric ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Cu2+.

The iron(II) or ferrous ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Fe2+.

The manganese(II) or manganous ion has a +2 charge and is represented by the symbol Mn2+.

The mercury(I) or mercurous ion has a +1 charge and is represented by the symbol Hg22+.

A prefix used in chemical nomenclature to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element in a compound. It usually precedes the name of the element, except for the first element listed.

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a particular compound.

A compound containing an -OH (hydroxyl) group attached to a carbon atom.

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of their atoms.

The naming of chemical compounds according to a set of rules.

Changing the ending of the second element's name to -ide when naming binary compounds.

A system of naming organic compounds based on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.