Chemistry - States of Matter & Separation Methods

A technique used to separate and identify mixtures. It involves drawing a line, placing a dot of the mixture, and allowing a mobile phase to travel through it. The distance the components travel is used to calculate their Rf values.

The change of a substance from one state of matter to another without changing its chemical composition. Examples include melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation.

A substance that is made up of only one type of atom or molecule. Examples include gold, water, and oxygen.

A process that involves the formation of new substances with different chemical properties. Examples include burning, rusting, and cooking.

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout. Examples include saltwater and air.

A separation method for purifying a solid from a solution. It involves creating a saturated solution of the substance, then allowing the solvent to evaporate slowly or cooling the solution to cause the solid to crystallize.

A separation technique used to separate a solid from a liquid. It uses a porous material (filter) that allows the liquid to pass through while trapping the solid particles.

A process for separating two or more liquids based on their different boiling points. The liquid with the lower boiling point vaporizes first, then condenses back to a liquid.

The liquid that passes through a filter in the filtration process.

The solid material left behind on the filter during filtration.

A type of distillation used to separate liquids with boiling points that are close together. It involves a fractionating column that provides multiple vaporization and condensation cycles.

The column used in fractional distillation, allowing for multiple vaporization and condensation cycles, separating components with different boiling points.

A process of separating liquids based on boiling points.

The process of a substance changing from a liquid to a gas.

A technique used to separate a mixture of two liquids based on their boiling points.

The state of matter where particles have fixed positions and a fixed volume, arranged in a tightly packed, repeating pattern.

The state of matter where particles are closely packed but can move past each other, taking the shape of their container while maintaining a constant volume.

The state of matter where particles are widely spaced and move randomly, taking the shape and volume of their container.

The transition between solid and liquid states, where heat is absorbed to break the bonds between particles.

The amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point.

The amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point.

A measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.

The state of matter where particles are tightly packed in a fixed arrangement and vibrate about fixed positions. Solids have a definite shape and volume.

The state of matter where particles are close together but can move past one another, allowing for fluidity. Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.

The state of matter where particles are widely spaced and move randomly in all directions. Gases have no definite shape or volume and fill the space they are in.

The process where a solid changes into a liquid due to an increase in temperature, allowing particles to break free from their fixed positions.

The process where a liquid changes into a gas due to an increase in temperature and energy. Particles gain enough energy to overcome attractive forces and become free moving.

The process of a gas changing into a liquid due to a decrease in temperature and energy. Particles lose energy, slowing down and forming intermolecular bonds.

The direct transformation of a solid into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs when the substance's vapor pressure is high enough at a given temperature.

The direct transformation of a gas into a solid without passing through the liquid phase. It's the opposite of sublimation, involving a release of heat.

The process of a liquid turning into a gas, usually due to an increase in temperature. Think of water boiling, where water molecules gain so much energy they escape into the air.

Strong forces hold particles close together in a fixed arrangement. They can vibrate, but not change places. Solids have a definite shape and volume.