Science Chapter on Matter and Mixtures
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the BEST definition of matter?

  • Anything that has volume.
  • Anything that is visible.
  • Anything that has mass and volume. (correct)
  • Anything that has mass.

    • According to the particle theory of matter, particles are always stationary.

    False (B)

    What is the term for the phase change when a liquid turns into a gas?

    evaporation

    Which state of matter is characterized by having no fixed shape or volume and consists of ions and electrons?

    <p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for density is ______ divided by Volume.

    <p>Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phase change with its corresponding process:

    <p>Solid to Gas = Sublimation Gas to Solid = Deposition Gas to Liquid = Condensation Liquid to Gas = Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a mechanical mixture?

    <p>A mixture where you can easily distinguish between the different types of matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compound is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Mixed nuts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution is a heterogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved in another.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of a substance to resist flow?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A substance that is attracted to water is described as ______.

    <p>hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their key contribution to atomic theory:

    <p>Aristotle = Believed matter was made of earth, water, fire, and air Democritus = Proposed the concept of atoms as indivisible particles John Dalton = Developed the billiard ball model of the atom J.J. Thomson = Discovered electrons and proposed the raisin bun model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a physical property?

    <p>Flammability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melting an ice cube is an example of a chemical change.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to a mixture of two or more metals?

    <p>Alloy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central core of an atom where protons and neutrons are found is called the ______.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the mixtures with their definitions:

    <p>Heterogeneous Mixture = A mixture where components are visible, like mixed nuts. Suspension = A cloudy mixture with particles held within, like tomato juice. Solution = A uniform mixture, like salt water. Colloid = A mixture with tiny particles scattered throughout, like butter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating density?

    <p>Density = Mass/Volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is more dense in its solid form than its liquid form.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substance called that resists attraction to water?

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons is called a(n) ______.

    <p>isotope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the item with its state of matter:

    <p>Water = Liquid Ice = Solid Steam = Gas Butter = Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an artificial ecosystem?

    <p>Tropical rainforest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sunlight is an abiotic factor that can influence human health, leading to seasonal affective disorder in individuals living in northern environments.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main biogeochemical cycles discussed in the text?

    <p>The four main biogeochemical cycles are the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrates is called ______.

    <p>nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their role in the nitrogen cycle:

    <p>Nitrifying bacteria = Convert nitrogen gas into nitrates Decomposers = Break down dead organisms and release nitrogen compounds back into the soil Denitrifying bacteria = Convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of eutrophication in water ecosystems?

    <p>Excess nitrogen and other nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    <p>C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The burning of ______ releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

    <p>fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a process involved in the water cycle?

    <p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over-hunting or fishing can negatively impact the nitrogen cycle by reducing the number of organisms that contribute to nitrogen fixation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how artificial ecosystems are different from natural ecosystems.

    <p>Artificial ecosystems are created by humans and require ongoing human intervention to maintain their functions. Natural ecosystems are self-sustaining and do not require human intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ is when plants absorb liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air through their leaves.

    <p>transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a biotic factor that influences our daily lives?

    <p>Sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of fertilizers can have a positive impact on the nitrogen cycle by providing nitrogen for plant growth.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere?

    <p>Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms break down glucose to release energy, is the primary way carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the bond that occurs between a positive cation and a negative anion?

    <p>Ionic Bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Covalent bonds usually result in stronger compounds than ionic bonds.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the zero sum rule in ionic compounds?

    <p>The sum of all charges of the ions in a compound must add up to zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electric discharge occurs when electrons move from an object with a more negative charge to an object with a more ______ charge.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials with their classification:

    <p>Copper = Conductor Rubber = Insulator Silicon = Semi-conductor Water = Fair conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is considered a good conductor?

    <p>Gold (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons in an insulator can move freely.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when two materials are rubbed against one another?

    <p>Friction occurs and they become statically charged, with one gaining electrons and becoming negative, and the other losing electrons and becoming positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a battery generates electrical energy by reacting with the electrolyte?

    <p>Anode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons flow from the cathode to the anode in a battery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diatomic elements consist of two ______ bonded together.

    <p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of electrical sources.

    <p>Electrical outlets and batteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property describes a material's ability to allow electrons to move freely?

    <p>Conductivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic compounds are generally soft and have low melting points.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrode where electrons lose energy is called the ______.

    <p>cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is used to measure current in a circuit?

    <p>Amperes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do pesticides that bioaccumulate pose a greater risk to organisms higher up the food chain?

    <p>They become more concentrated in the tissues of organisms at each successive trophic level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two properties of molecular compounds.

    <p>Weaker bonds and lower melting points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct current (DC) flows in both directions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency of a substance to hold on to its electrons is called ______.

    <p>electron affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticide resistance is likely to occur more quickly in organisms that reproduce infrequently.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that unlike charges attract each other?

    <p>Law of Attraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process where pesticides become more concentrated as they move up the food chain?

    <p>biomagnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate current in a circuit?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Batteries should not be disposed of in the regular garbage because they can contain ______.

    <p>toxic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticides that bioaccumulate are not water-soluble, but rather ______-soluble, and are stored in the body's fatty tissue.

    <p>fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model proposed that atoms contain negatively charged electrons distributed throughout a positive matrix?

    <p>Raisin Bun Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials typically oppose the flow of electric current?

    <p>Resistors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Bioaccumulation = The build up of toxins in a single organism Biomagnification = The increase in concentration of toxins as you move up the food chain Pesticide resistance = The ability of a pest to survive a pesticide application Organic farming = Agriculture using no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons have a positive charge.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rechargeable batteries can only be used once before being disposed of.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to electrical energy when it passes through a load?

    <p>It is converted into other forms of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment reveal about the structure of the atom?

    <p>The existence of a dense nucleus that contains protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following battery components with their functions:

    <p>Electrolyte = Conducts electricity and forms ions Anode = Negative terminal that collects electrons Cathode = Positive terminal that loses electrons External energy source = Reverses chemical reactions in rechargeable batteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Bohr model, electrons are found in ___ around the nucleus.

    <p>orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference in electrical potential energy between two points in a circuit is known as ______.

    <p>voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as inorganic matter?

    <p>Water (H2O) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the subatomic particles with their charges:

    <p>Proton = Positive charge Electron = Negative charge Neutron = No charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrification is the process where ammonia is converted to nitrogen gas.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neutrons is true?

    <p>Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the current flow through a circuit?

    <p>Type of battery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metalloids are good conductors of heat and electricity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an ecological niche play in an ecosystem?

    <p>It defines the role of a species within its ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the third orbit according to Bohr's model?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is all of Earth's water on, above, or below the surface.

    <p>hydrosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terrestrial biomes with their descriptions:

    <p>Deciduous forest = Loses leaves in autumn Boreal forest = Conical trees like spruce Tundra = No trees, small shrubs and moss Grassland = Few trees, primarily shrubs and grasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atomic number represents the number of ___ in an atom.

    <p>protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diatomic elements are represented by the symbols HOFBrINCl?

    <p>Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Nitrogen (N2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gaia Hypothesis suggests that Earth behaves like a living organism.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atoms form bonds to become less stable.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an atom's ion charge when it loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one human-induced factor that can damage the lithosphere.

    <p>Excavation or drilling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability of an ecosystem to remain balanced is known as __________.

    <p>sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material has the least resistance?

    <p>Silver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative mass of an electron is approximately ___ compared to a proton.

    <p>1/2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these elements is a non-metal?

    <p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance decreases as the temperature of the wire increases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biomes?

    <p>Large geographical regions with similar ecosystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the current if the resistance in a circuit increases while the potential difference remains constant?

    <p>The current decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans are considered biotic components of an ecosystem.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following models with their proponents:

    <p>Thomson = Plum Pudding Model Rutherford = Nuclear Model Bohr = Planetary Model Chadwick = Neutron Discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one characteristic that living things must have.

    <p>Movement or response to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a series circuit, the sum of the potential differences across the ____ is equal to the potential difference across the ____.

    <p>resistors, battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer of gases surrounding Earth is called the __________.

    <p>atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the circuit type to its characteristic:

    <p>Series Circuit = Only one path for electrons to flow Parallel Circuit = Multiple paths for electrons Combination Circuit = Includes both series and parallel components Short Circuit = Low-resistance connection causing excess current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a short circuit?

    <p>Excess current flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of aquatic biome to its description:

    <p>Marine = High salt content Freshwater = Low salt content Coral reefs = Diverse marine ecosystems Oceans = Vast bodies of saltwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A circuit breaker works by melting when the current is too high.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the potential difference when additional light bulbs are added to a parallel circuit?

    <p>It remains the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance in a circuit is calculated by dividing the potential difference by the ____.

    <p>current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components allows for the replacement of current without needing to replace the device?

    <p>Circuit Breaker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a series circuit, the current remains constant while the voltage changes as more light bulbs are added.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the third prong in a three-prong plug play?

    <p>It connects the device to the ground wire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a parallel circuit, the sum of the currents in each branch equals the current across the ____.

    <p>source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>Fuse = Breaks the circuit by melting Circuit Breaker = Turns off current by bending Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter = Prevents shock by monitoring current flow Three Prong Plug = Connects to ground for safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)?

    <p>To detect a change in current and stop the flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A renewable resource can be regenerated once it is used up.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the length of a wire and its resistance?

    <p>As the length of a wire increases, its resistance increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electricity generated by spinning a __________ connected to a generator produces electrical energy.

    <p>turbine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of energy generation with their descriptions:

    <p>Hydro = Uses falling water to generate electricity Fossil Fuels = Burns natural resources to produce energy Nuclear = Relies on uranium atoms splitting Wind = Utilizes air currents to spin turbines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of nuclear energy?

    <p>Low-carbon energy source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solar panels do not emit greenhouse gases during their functioning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using hydroelectric power.

    <p>Advantage: Environmentally friendly. Disadvantage: Limited reservoirs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a complex system where living and non-living things interact.

    <p>ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with their terms:

    <p>Ecology = Study of organism interactions Biosphere = Part of Earth where life exists Sustainability = Maintaining ecological balance Organic Matter = Substances rich in carbon and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of energy generation involves burning plant material?

    <p>Biomass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind energy generation does not rely on the strength of the wind.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of how electricity is generated in nuclear power plants.

    <p>Uranium atoms split to release heat, which boils water into steam that spins a turbine connected to a generator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nuclear fission involves the splitting of __________ atoms.

    <p>uranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about fossil fuels?

    <p>They are quickly adjustable to electricity demands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water is considered an insulator?

    <p>Distilled water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human body is a good conductor of electricity.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you not touch electric appliances with wet hands?

    <p>Because water conducts electricity, increasing the risk of electric shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is a device that transforms electrical energy into light energy.

    <p>light bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a positively charged object touches a neutral object?

    <p>Electrons move from the neutral object to the positive object. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons cannot flow through a circuit without a complete path.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between static electricity and current electricity.

    <p>Static electricity involves a buildup of electrons in one place, while current electricity is a steady flow of electrons through a conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulating materials have a high electron _____ which prevents the flow of electricity.

    <p>affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of a simple circuit with their definitions:

    <p>Energy Source = A device that provides electrical energy Load = Transforms electrical energy into another form Conducting Wires = Pathway for electrons to flow Switch = Controls the flow of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a conductor?

    <p>High electron affinity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that prevents overpopulation in ecosystems?

    <p>Limiting factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You can use a ground wire to safely discharge a charged object.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A species can survive outside of its tolerance range.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'sustainable use' in the context of ecosystems?

    <p>Using an ecosystem's resources in a way that meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lightning rod used for?

    <p>To safely direct lightning strikes into the ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support is known as its ______.

    <p>carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A device that provides electrical energy and causes electrons to move is known as an _____ source.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of symbiosis with its description:

    <p>Mutualism = Both species benefit Commensalism = One species benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism = One species benefits at the expense of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the conduction process?

    <p>Electrons flow from a negatively charged object to a neutral object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In induction, charges on a neutral object remain unchanged.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biotic limiting factor?

    <p>Drought (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predators hunting prey can lead to healthier prey populations.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do primary consumers play in an ecosystem?

    <p>They feed on producers, primarily plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where one organism eats another for food is known as ______.

    <p>predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abiotic factor is essential for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>Temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotic interactions only occur among individuals of the same species.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define biotic interactions.

    <p>Interactions among individuals and different species groups within an ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abiotic limiting factors include sunlight, water, soil, and ______ disturbances.

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Mutualism = Both species benefit Commensalism = One benefits, the other unaffected Parasitism = One benefits at the expense of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes producers in an ecosystem?

    <p>Organisms that can make their own food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All herbivores can also be classified as carnivores.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process by which producers convert sunlight into chemical energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ecological ______ describes the role of a species within its ecosystem.

    <p>niche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the feeding roles to their correct definitions:

    <p>Producer = Organisms that make their own food Herbivore = Organisms that eat plants Carnivore = Organisms that eat other animals Scavenger = Organisms that feed on remains of dead organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy transferred in a food chain?

    <p>From producers to consumers to top carnivores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy transfer between trophic levels is 100% efficient.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ecological pyramids illustrate?

    <p>Relationships between trophic levels in ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biodiversity?

    <p>The number of different species types in an area and the variety of ecosystems on Earth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decomposers ____________ dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil.

    <p>break down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of ecological pyramid to its definition:

    <p>Energy Pyramid = Shows energy loss and transfer Pyramid of Numbers = Total count of organisms Pyramid of Biomass = Total mass of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overexploitation refers to using resources at a rate slower than they can be replaced.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A non-native species that causes harm to the ecosystem into which it was introduced is called an ________ species.

    <p>invasive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms primarily consumes detritus?

    <p>Detritivores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a food web, simple feeding relationships are more representative of nature.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major cause of biodiversity decrease?

    <p>Natural Selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one reason why food webs are more stable than food chains.

    <p>Greater number of interactions reduces vulnerability to extinctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributing factor to climate change?

    <p>Increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Populations of various species will increase or decrease based on the availability of __________ factors.

    <p>biotic and abiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of biodiversity decrease with their descriptions:

    <p>Habitat Change = Alteration of habitat to the point native species can no longer live there. Overexploitation = Using resources faster than they can be replaced. Invasive Species = Non-native species that harms the ecosystem. Climate Change = Changes in long-term weather conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of consumer to its definition:

    <p>Herbivore = Eats only plants Carnivore = Eats only animals Omnivore = Eats both plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agroecosystems support high levels of biodiversity due to the wide variety of crops grown.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a broad-spectrum pesticide?

    <p>A pesticide that is toxic to a wide range of species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide, in the body of an organism is called ___________.

    <p>bioaccumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that pesticides cause physical harm to pests?

    <p>Scratching waxy outer coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of pest in the content provided?

    <p>Reptiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural pesticides are typically more persistent than synthetic pesticides.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does removing 90% of large fish from the sea have?

    <p>Leads to overexploitation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major greenhouse gas is ______, with another major one being Methane (CH4).

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition

    <p>Pesticide = A substance used to kill a pest. Bioaccumulation = The concentration of a substance in the body of an organism. Greenhouse effect = Gases trap heat. Agroecosystem = Complex system where many species interact with ecological and management processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is matter?

    Anything that has mass and takes up space.

    What is mass?

    The amount of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g).

    What is volume?

    The amount of space an object occupies. It is measured in liters (L) or milliliters (mL).

    What is density?

    The ratio of mass to volume. It describes how tightly packed the matter is in an object. Formula: Density = Mass/Volume

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    What is the Particle Theory of Matter?

    A theory that explains the behavior of matter based on tiny particles. It states that all matter is made of particles with empty space between them.

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    What is a pure substance?

    A substance made up of only one type of particle. It has a fixed and uniform composition.

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    What is a mixture?

    A substance made up of two or more different types of particles. The particles are not chemically combined.

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    What is a mechanical mixture?

    A mixture where the different components can be easily distinguished.

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    Colloid

    A mixture where tiny particles of one substance are scattered throughout another. The particles are smaller than those in a suspension.

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    Heterogeneous Mixture

    A mixture where different substances can be easily seen and separated.

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    Solution

    A uniform mixture of two or more substances where you cannot see the individual components. One substance is dissolved in another.

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    Suspension

    A cloudy mixture where tiny particles of one substance are held within another. The particles are big enough to be seen and can be separated using a filter.

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    Alloy

    A solid mixture of two or more metals. Often have properties that are different from the individual metals.

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    Pure Substance

    A substance that consists of only one type of atom or molecule. They have a fixed composition and can't be broken down further by physical means.

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    Mixture

    A substance made up of two or more different substances that are not chemically combined. They can be separated by physical means.

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    Viscosity

    The ability of a substance to resist flow. Think of honey vs. water - honey is more viscous.

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    Solubility

    The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance.

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    Optical Clarity

    The ability of a substance to allow light to pass through it. Transparent materials allow all light through, translucent allow some, and opaque block all.

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    Physical Change

    A change in the physical state or appearance of a substance, but not its chemical composition.

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    Chemical Change

    A change in the chemical composition of a substance, resulting in the formation of new substances.

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    Chemical Property

    A property that describes how a substance changes when it reacts with other substances or changes its state.

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    Density

    The amount of matter in a given volume. It's calculated by dividing mass by volume.

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    Atom

    The smallest unit of an element that has the same chemical properties as the element.

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    Thomson's Plum Pudding Model

    A model of the atom proposed by Thomson, where negatively charged electrons are scattered throughout a positively charged sphere, like raisins in a plum pudding.

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    Rutherford's Nuclear Model

    A model where positively charged particles (protons) are concentrated in a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom, surrounded by negatively charged electrons orbiting in empty space.

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    Alpha Particles

    A type of radiation composed of positively charged particles, used by Rutherford to explore the structure of the atom.

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    Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

    An experiment where alpha particles were fired at a thin gold foil. Most particles passed through, but some were deflected, suggesting a small, dense positively charged nucleus.

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    Bohr's Atomic Model

    A model of the atom proposed by Niels Bohr, where electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels, or shells.

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    Nucleus

    The central core of an atom, containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.

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    Protons

    Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

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    Neutrons

    Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

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    Electrons

    Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

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    Metals

    Elements that are typically shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

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    Non-metals

    Elements that are typically brittle, dull, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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    Metalloids

    Elements that exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals., they are semiconductors.

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    Diatomic Elements

    A group of two atoms of the same element chemically bonded together.

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    Periodic Table

    A chart that organizes elements based on their atomic number and recurring properties.

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    Atomic Number

    The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, determining the element's identity.

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    Atomic Mass

    The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus, determining the atom's mass.

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    Ion

    A charged atom formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.

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    What is an insulator?

    Materials that resist the flow of electrons. Examples include rubber, plastic, wood, and glass.

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    What is a conductor?

    Materials that allow the flow of electrons. Examples include copper, silver, and gold.

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    What is conduction?

    The transfer of electric charge through direct contact between objects.

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    What is induction?

    The process where a charged object induces a charge in a neutral object by bringing it close, but without direct contact.

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    What is current electricity?

    The flow of electrical energy through a circuit.

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    What is potential energy?

    Stored energy within an object due to its position or state.

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    What is energy?

    A measure of the ability to do work.

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    What is work?

    The force that causes an object to move.

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    What is a Force?

    A force that causes the movement or displacement of an object.

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    What is an electrical circuit?

    A pathway allowing the flow of electrons from an energy source to a load.

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    What is an electrochemical cell?

    A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

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    What is a battery?

    A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

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    What is a load?

    A device that transforms electrical energy into other forms of energy such as light, heat, or sound.

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    What is a conducting wire?

    A material that provides a pathway for the flow of electrons from one component of the circuit to another.

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    What is a switch?

    A device that controls the flow of electrons in an electrical circuit.

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    Electron Affinity

    The tendency of a substance to hold on to electrons.

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    Zero Sum Rule

    The sum of all charges of the ions in a compound must add up to zero.

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    Ionic Bond

    A bond that occurs between a positive cation and negative anion due to the forces between opposite charges.

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    Electric Discharge

    The rapid transfer of electric charge from one object to another when two objects that have a large charge imbalance are brought close together or come in contact.

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    Conductivity

    The measure of a material's ability to allow electrons to move freely in it.

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    Conductor

    Materials that allow electrons to change positions because of their weaker hold on the electrons.

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    Insulator

    Materials that hold on to their electrons and don't allow them to move easily.

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    Conduction

    The movement of electrons when two objects with differing charges come into contact.

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    Induction

    A shift in the position of electrons in a neutral object that occurs when a charged object is brought near it, without touching it (because of the law of attraction and repulsion).

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    Electroscope

    An instrument that can detect static charge.

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    What is a Coulomb?

    One Coulomb: 6.24 x 10^18

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    What two physics laws did Charles- Augustin de Coulomb discuss?

    When two charged objects are placed close together, the attraction or repulsion increases. When the charged objects are moved further apart, the attraction or repulsion decreases.

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    Explain how electrostatic paint sprayers work

    The paint is given a certain charge and the object to be painted is given the opposite charge. The paint will be attracted to the object because of the law of attraction. This minimizes waste of paint because less paint drips off.

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    Explain how electrostatic dusters work

    When you sweep the duster back and forth, friction occurs. This builds up a static charge which means one of the materials is losing or gaining electrons. As a result, one of the materials will be positive and the other negative. This allows the dust to attract to the duster.

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    How does electric discharge occur?

    Occurs when electrons are transferred from one object to another. Electrons move from object with more negative charge (less positive) to object with less negative (more positive) charge. The greater the charge imbalance, the larger and more noticeable the discharge.

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    What is an artificial ecosystem?

    Human actions create and maintain these ecosystems, unlike natural ecosystems which can sustain themselves.

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    What is nitrogen fixation?

    This is the process of converting nitrogen gas into usable forms, like nitrates, for plants.

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    What is decomposition in the Nitrogen Cycle?

    This is when decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead organisms and release nitrogen compounds back into the soil.

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    What is denitrification?

    A process that turns nitrates back into nitrogen gas and returns it to the atmosphere.

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    What is Eutrophication?

    This happens when too much nitrogen enters aquatic ecosystems, leading to excessive plant and algae growth.

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    What is photosynthesis?

    The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.

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    What is Cellular Respiration?

    The process by which living organisms break down glucose and oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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    How is carbon stored in fossil fuels?

    Fossil fuels, like coal and oil, store carbon in their structure.

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    What happens when fossil fuels are burned?

    Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

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    What is evaporation?

    This is the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas.

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    What is transpiration?

    Water from plants is released into the atmosphere as vapor.

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    What is condensation?

    The process where water changes from a gas to a liquid.

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    What is precipitation?

    Any form of water precipitation, like rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

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    What is an ecosystem?

    A group of living organisms and their physical surroundings, interacting with each other.

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    What are abiotic factors?

    These are the non-living components of an ecosystem, like sunlight, air, and water.

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    Inorganic Matter

    Substances that do not contain a combination of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms.

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    Biogeochemical Cycles

    The movement of matter through the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) environment.

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    Nitrification

    A process where bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrates, a form that plants can use.

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    Ecological Niche

    The role of a species within its ecosystem, including its interactions with other organisms and the environment.

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    Atmosphere

    The layer of gases surrounding Earth, composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

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    Lithosphere

    Earth's solid outer layer, composed of the crust and uppermost mantle.

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    Hydrosphere

    All of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and ice.

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    Biosphere

    The zone around Earth where life exists, encompassing all the spheres, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.

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    Gaia Hypothesis

    The idea that Earth functions like a living organism, maintaining stable conditions through interactions between its spheres.

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    Stewardship

    Taking personal responsibility for the management and care of the environment.

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    Ecosystem

    All the living organisms in a region and their interactions with each other and their non-living environment.

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    Species

    A group of similar organisms in an ecosystem.

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    Niche

    The physical environment of an organism, including its habitat and its interactions with other organisms.

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    Biomes

    Large geographical regions with similar ecosystems, defined by climate, vegetation, and animal life.

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    Sustainability

    The ability of an ecosystem to maintain its natural balance and functions over time without disruption.

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    Producers

    Organisms that can make their own food through photosynthesis.

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    Consumers

    Organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms.

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    Herbivores

    Consumers that eat only plants.

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    Omnivores

    Consumers that eat both plants and animals.

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    Carnivores

    Consumers that eat only animals.

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    Decomposers

    Organisms that break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil.

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    Detritivores

    A specific type of decomposer that consumes large amounts of material and releases nutrients.

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    Scavengers

    Animals that feed on the remains of other organisms.

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    Food Chain

    A diagram illustrating the flow of energy through an ecosystem, showing who eats whom.

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    Food Web

    A complex network of interconnected food chains, showing multiple feeding relationships.

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    Trophic Level

    The feeding level of an organism in a food chain.

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    Energy Pyramid

    A pyramid illustrating the amount of energy available at each trophic level.

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    Pyramid of Numbers

    A pyramid showing the total number of organisms at each trophic level.

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    Pyramid of Biomass

    A pyramid showing the total biomass (mass of living organisms) at each trophic level.

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    Biomagnification

    The process where the concentration of a substance, like a pesticide, increases as it moves up through the food chain.

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    Bioaccumulating Pesticides

    Pesticides that are not water-soluble but rather fat-soluble, meaning they are stored in an organism's fatty tissue.

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    Pesticide Resistance

    When pests develop resistance to pesticides, meaning the pesticide no longer works effectively to kill them.

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    Organic Farming

    An agricultural method that avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, promoting sustainable practices.

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    Pesticide Dependence Cycle

    The overuse of pesticides can create a cycle where pests become resistant, requiring stronger or different pesticides, leading to more environmental damage and higher costs for farmers.

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    What is an Electrolyte?

    A substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions; can be liquid (wet cell) or paste (dry cell).

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    What is an Electrode?

    A metal strip that reacts with the electrolyte in a battery. It can be one of two types – anode or cathode, depending on whether it gains or loses electrons.

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    What is an Anode?

    The negative electrode in a battery; gains electrons during the chemical reaction, making it negatively charged.

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    What is a Cathode?

    The positive electrode in a battery; loses electrons during the chemical reaction, causing it to become positively charged.

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    What is Potential Difference?

    The difference in electrical potential energy between two points in a circuit, driving the flow of current.

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    What is Voltage (V)?

    The unit of measurement for potential difference, expressed as Volts (V).

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    What is Current (I)?

    The amount of electrical charge flowing through a point in a circuit per second, measured in Amperes (A).

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    What is Resistance (R)?

    The resistance offered by a substance to the flow of electric current, measured in Ohms (Ω).

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    What is the difference between DC and AC Current?

    Direct Current (DC): Electric current flows in one direction only and originates from sources like batteries. Alternating Current (AC): Electric current flows back and forth at regular intervals, generated by power stations.

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    What is the Theory of Conventional Current ?

    A scientific theory explaining the flow of electricity, where current is assumed to flow from the positive terminal to the negative terminal. This is a conventional understanding, though the actual movement of electrons is from negative to positive.

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    How does a Load (Device) change the current?

    A load is a device that converts electrical energy into another form of energy, like heat or light, causing resistance to the flow of electrons and slowing down the current.

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    What is an Ammeter?

    A device used to measure the current in a circuit. Always connect the positive terminal of the ammeter to the positive terminal of the electrical source and the negative terminal of the ammeter to the negative terminal of the electrical source.

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    What is a Voltmeter?

    A device used to measure the potential difference (voltage) across a circuit. Always connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the positive terminal of the electrical source and the negative terminal of the voltmeter to the negative terminal of the electrical source.

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    Why should you not dispose of batteries in the regular garbage?

    It's essential to recycle dry cell batteries because they can contain toxic heavy metals like nickel, cadmium, and lead, which can contaminate landfills and harm the environment.

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    What is a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)?

    Detects a change in current and breaks the circuit to prevent electrical shocks.

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    What is an electrical circuit diagram?

    A visual representation of an electrical circuit using specialized symbols for components and connections.

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    What is a wire in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A component that provides a path for electrical current to flow through a circuit. Typically represented as a straight line.

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    What is a cell or battery in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A source of electrical energy in a circuit, providing the potential difference needed for current flow. Often depicted as two parallel lines, one longer than the other.

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    What is a lamp in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A device that converts electrical energy into light energy. Usually represented as a circle with a loop inside.

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    What is a resistor in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A component that resists the flow of electric current. Shown as a zig-zag line.

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    What is a switch in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A device that controls the flow of electric current in a circuit by opening or closing the circuit. Usually represented as a switch with an open or closed line.

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    What is an ammeter in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A device that measures the electric current flowing through a circuit. Often depicted as a circle with 'A' inside.

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    What is a voltmeter in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A device that measures the potential difference or voltage across a component in a circuit. Generally illustrated as a circle with 'V' inside.

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    What is an ohmmeter in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A device that measures the resistance of a component in a circuit. Shown as a circle with the Greek letter omega (Ω) inside.

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    What is a fuse in an electrical circuit diagram?

    A safety device designed to break the circuit if the current exceeds a safe value. Usually symbolized as a circle with a fuse wire inside.

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    What is a series circuit?

    A circuit where the components are connected in a single path, so the current flows through each component one after another.

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    What is a parallel circuit?

    A circuit where the components are connected in multiple paths, so the current can flow through different branches simultaneously.

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    What are renewable resources?

    Resources that can be replenished naturally over a relatively short period of time. Examples include solar, wind, hydro, and biomass energy.

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    What are non-renewable resources?

    Resources that are finite and cannot be replaced at a rate comparable to their consumption. Examples include fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and minerals.

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    How does hydroelectric power generation work?

    The process of generating electricity using the kinetic energy of falling water. Water flows through a turbine connected to a generator.

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    How does thermal power generation using fossil fuels work?

    The process of generating electricity by burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas. The heat converts water to steam, driving a turbine connected to a generator.

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    How does nuclear power generation work?

    The process of generating electricity through nuclear fission. Uranium atoms are split, releasing heat that generates steam to drive a turbine connected to a generator.

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    How does biomass power generation work?

    The process of generating electricity by burning plant material. Similar to thermal power generation but using biomass.

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    How does solar power generation work?

    The process of generating electricity using solar panels to convert sunlight into electrical energy.

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    How does wind power generation work?

    The process of generating electricity using wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of wind. The wind rotates turbine blades connected to a generator.

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    Producers & Energy Flow

    Producers use sunlight to create their own food (glucose) through photosynthesis, taking in nutrients and water from the environment.

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    Ecosystem Connections

    In an ecosystem, all living organisms are connected. Changes to one part can affect others.

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    Limiting Factors

    Factors that limit the growth of a population, preventing it from becoming too large.

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    Abiotic Limiting Factors

    Abiotic limiting factors are non-living factors that affect the growth and distribution of populations. Examples include sunlight, water, temperature, and soil.

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    Biotic Limiting Factors

    Biotic limiting factors are living factors that affect the growth and distribution of populations. Examples include competition, predation, disease, and reliance on other organisms.

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    Tolerance Range

    The range of abiotic conditions (like temperature or precipitation) that a species can tolerate for survival.

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    Competition

    When two or more organisms compete for the same limited resource.

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    Predation

    One organism (the predator) hunts and consumes another organism (the prey).

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    Symbiosis

    A close and long-term interaction between two different species. There are three main types: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

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    Mutualism

    Both species benefit from the relationship.

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    Commensalism

    One species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.

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    Parasitism

    One species benefits at the expense of the other.

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    Carrying Capacity

    The maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support over a long period of time without degrading the environment.

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    Sustainable Use

    Using resources in a way that meets current needs while ensuring future generations have access to those resources.

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    Biodiversity

    The variety of different species types within a specific area and the variety of ecosystems on Earth.

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    Genetic Diversity

    Differences in genetic makeup among individuals of the same species.

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    Habitat Change

    When humans alter a habitat so much that native species can no longer survive there, leading to their death or migration.

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    Overexploitation

    Using natural resources faster than they can be replenished, leading to potential extinction.

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    Invasive Species

    A non-native species that harms the ecosystem it is introduced to.

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    Climate Change

    The increase in Earth's average temperature caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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    Greenhouse Effect

    The process by which certain greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to a warming effect.

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    Agroecosystems

    Large-scale systems where many species interact, shaped by agriculture and management.

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    Pests

    Any organism that harms crops or livestock, causing damage and potential yield loss.

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    Pesticides

    Chemicals designed to kill pests, including insects, fungi, weeds, and rodents.

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    Broad-spectrum Pesticide

    A pesticide that is toxic to a wide range of species.

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    Narrow-spectrum Pesticide

    A pesticide that is toxic to a limited number of species.

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    Bioaccumulation

    The accumulation of a substance, like a pesticide, in an organism's body over time.

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    Non-target Species

    Any organism that is not the intended target of a pesticide.

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    What material has the least resistance to electrical current?

    Silver offers the least resistance to electrical current, making it an excellent conductor. However, its high cost makes it impractical for most applications. Copper, being more affordable, is the most common material used in electrical wires.

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    How does temperature affect resistance?

    Resistance increases as temperature rises, meaning that electrical current flows less easily through a hot wire compared to a cold one. This is because heat causes increased vibration of atoms within the wire, hindering the movement of electrons.

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    How does length affect resistance?

    Longer wires exhibit higher resistance than shorter ones. Doubling the length of a wire effectively doubles its resistance. This is because electrons must travel a greater distance, encountering more obstacles along the way.

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    How does cross-sectional area affect resistance?

    Wider wires offer lower resistance than thin wires. This is because a wider cross-sectional area provides more space for electrons to flow, reducing collisions and improving conductivity. Imagine water flowing through a straw - a wider straw allows more water to pass through.

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    What is the relationship between potential difference, current, and resistance?

    Potential difference, also known as voltage, is the driving force that pushes electrons through a circuit. Current is the flow of electrons. Resistance opposes the flow of current.

    Increasing resistance decreases current, like a narrower pipe restricts water flow. Increasing potential difference increases current, like a stronger pump pushes more water through a pipe.

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    What is Ohm's Law?

    Ohm's Law: V = IR

    Where: V = Potential difference (voltage) I = Current R = Resistance

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    Why do all institutions have combination circuits?

    Combination circuits offer flexibility and safety features. They combine series and parallel connections, allowing for multiple circuits within one system.

    For example, a house might have a circuit for lighting that is wired in parallel, allowing each light to function independently. But, a circuit for a large appliance like an oven might be wired in series with a fuse to prevent overheating.

    A series circuit can serve as a safety measure in a combination circuit, allowing a single switch to cut off power to multiple components in case of an emergency.

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    What is a short circuit?

    A short circuit occurs when a low-resistance path is created between two points in a circuit, often due to damaged insulation or other defects. This sudden drop in resistance allows excessive current to flow, potentially causing the circuit or connected devices to overheat and even catch fire.

    Short circuits are dangerous because they can lead to the rapid generation of heat, potentially causing fires or damaging appliances and wiring.

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    How does a fuse work?

    Fuses are safety devices that contain a thin wire with a low melting point. When excessive current flows through the fuse, the wire melts, interrupting the current flow and preventing further damage. Fuses once they are blown, must be replaced. This is because they only work once.

    Fuses help to prevent damage to electrical devices and wiring by stopping the flow of current when it reaches an unsafe level.

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    How does a circuit breaker work?

    Circuit breakers function similarly to fuses but use a different mechanism to interrupt the current flow. Instead of melting, a wire inside the breaker heats up and bends, triggering a spring mechanism that disconnects the circuit. Circuit breakers can be reset once they have cooled down.

    Circuit breakers provide a more convenient safety feature than fuses because they can be reset after an overload, eliminating the need for replacement.

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    How do three-prong plugs work?

    Three-prong plugs include a third prong that connects the device to the ground wire of the building. The ground wire acts as a safety path for any unwanted current flow, directing it to the ground. This practice reduces the risk of electric shock if a fault occurs in the device.

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    Study Notes

    Chapter 1 Review

    • Matter: Anything with mass and volume.
    • Mass: Measure of quantity of matter (kg or g).
    • Volume: Space occupied (L or mL).
    • Density: Mass/Volume.
    • Particle Theory of Matter: Matter consists of tiny particles with spaces between them, different substances have different particles, particles are constantly moving, and particle speed increases with temperature.
    • Solids: Rigid, definite shape, closely packed and regularly arranged particles, low movement, little expansion on heating, not easily compressed.
    • Liquids: Flow, take shape of container, randomly oriented molecules, slight expansion on heating, slightly compressible.
    • Gases: Low density, occupy all space in container, infinite expansion, easily compressed, widely spaced molecules.
    • Plasma: High-energy state, resembles a gas, no fixed shape or volume, atoms with some/all electrons stripped, free-floating ions.
    • Phase Changes: Sublimation (solid to gas), Deposition (gas to solid), Condensation (gas to liquid), Evaporation (liquid to gas), Melting (solid to liquid), Freezing (liquid to solid).
    • Pure Substances: Only one type of particle, uniform composition. Types:
      • Elements: Cannot be broken down further.
      • Compounds: Two or more elements chemically combined.
    • Mixtures: Two or more different particles, not chemically combined. Two types:
      • Heterogeneous Mixtures: Different substances are noticeable. Can include:
        • Mechanical Mixtures: Visible difference in components (ex: mixed nuts).
        • Suspensions: Visible particles of one substance held within another (ex: tomato juice). Seperated through filter.
      • Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform, cannot visually tell components apart. Included:
        • Solutions: One substance dissolved in another (ex: salt water).
        • Colloids: Tiny particles dispersed in another substance (ex: butter). Smaller than suspensions.
    • Alloys: Solid solutions of two or more metals.
    • Unusual Behavior of Water: Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water, and forms a hexagonal shape when frozen. Water's cohesive (attraction to itself) and adhesive (attraction to other substances) properties differ.
    • Physical Properties: Characteristics observable without changing substance composition.
      • Optical Clarity: Ability to transmit light (transparent, translucent, opaque).
      • Brittleness: Breaks easily.
      • Flexibility: Ability to bend.
      • Viscosity: Resistance to flow.
      • Solubility: Ability to dissolve.
      • Hardness: Resistance to scratching (measured on a scale).
      • Malleability: Can be hammered into sheets.
      • Ductility: Can be drawn into wires.
      • Electrical Conductivity: Ability to conduct electricity. Ions involved.
    • Physical Change: Alters form but not composition, no new substances created (ex: melting ice).
    • Chemical Properties: Describe substance's ability to undergo a chemical change, forming new substances.
      • Flammability: Ability to burn.
      • Combustibility: Produces heat.
      • Toxicity/Corrosivity: Degree of harm.
      • Reactivity: Ability to react.
    • Chemical Change: Alters substances composition and produces new ones (ex: rusting iron).
    • Chemical Reaction: Chemical change occurs, chemical properties observed only during changes.
    • Evidence of Chemical Change: Change in color, odor, production of gas, change in temperature or light (exothermic or endothermic reactions).
    • Density and Formulas: Density = Mass/Volume.

    Chapter 2 Review

    • Atom: Smallest part of an element, possessing its properties

    • Atomic Theory: Studying atoms and combining them. Explains different atoms and how they form compounds.

    • Nucleus: Central core holding protons and neutrons.

    • Orbital Shells: Energy levels surrounding the nucleus, containing electrons.

    • Element: Pure substance not broken into simpler ones; represented by an element symbol.

    • Isotope: Same protons different neutrons.

    • Alloys: Mixtures of metals.

    • Compounds: Pure substances of chemically joined elements.

    • Theorists and their Models:

      • Aristotle: Four elements (earth, water, fire, air).
      • Democritus: Proposed the atom as indivisible.
      • John Dalton: Atoms of an element are identical; they are rearranged during reactions.
      • J.J. Thomson: Discovered electrons; "plum pudding" model (electrons within a positive sphere).
      • Ernest Rutherford: Gold foil experiment; discovered the nucleus with a positive charge. Atomic model with a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
      • Niels Bohr: Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels.
      • James Chadwick: Discovered the neutron.

    • Subatomic Particles:

      • Electrons: Negative, low mass.
      • Protons: Positive, high mass.
      • Neutrons: Neutral, high mass.

    • Metal, Non-metal and Metalloid Properties:

      • Metals: Shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductors.
      • Non-metals: Brittle, poor conductors, dull.
      • Metalloids: Properties between metals and non-metals.

    • Diatomic Elements: Elements existing as diatomic molecules (H₂ , O₂ , etc.).

    • Periodic Table:

      • Atomic number: Number of protons (also equals to the number of electrons).
      • Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons.
      • Electron arrangement: Shows the number of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
      • Valence shell and valence electrons: Outermost shell and its electrons, involved in bonding.
      • Ion Formation: Gaining or losing electrons to attain stable configuration.
      • Periods: Horizontal rows, same number of orbital/energy shells.
      • Groups: Vertical columns, similar number of valence electrons and properties.

    • Diagrams: Draw Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis diagrams.

    • Labs/Activities: Flame test, alkali metals reactivity, Hoffman apparatus, gas tests.

    Chapter 3 Review

    • Ion: Charged particle (atom gaining or losing electrons).
    • Ion Charge: Positive (cation-loss of e⁻) or negative (anion-gaining of e⁻)
    • Purpose of Ion Formation: To achieve stable electron configuration (full valence shell).
    • Significance of Ions in Body: Carrier of Oxygen, components in bones and teeth, nerve function.
    • Naming Ions: Metal ion names unchanged, non-metal ion names with "-ide" suffix.
    • Ionic Bonds Strong bonds between oppositely charged ions, characterized by hard, brittle solids, with high melting temperatures, conduct electricity.
    • Ionic Bond VS Covalent Bond:
      • Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons, strong attraction, between metals and non-metals.
      • Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons, between non-metals.
    • Molecule: Covalently bonded particle.
    • Properties of Molecular Compounds: Weaker bonds, soft, low melting points, seldom dissolve in water, non-conductive.
    • Properties of Ionic Compounds: Strong bonds, hard, high melting points, often dissolve in water, conduct electricity once dissolved or molten.

    Chapter 4- 5 Review

    • Atoms and Subatomic Particles:
    • Electric Charge: Property of matter allowing for attraction or repulsion.
    • Static/Current Electricity:
      • Static Electricity: Stationary electric charge.
      • Current Electricity: Continuous flow of electrons.
    • Friction, Law of Attraction/Repulsion:
      • Friction: Rubbing objects, creating static charge.
      • Law of Attraction: Unlike charges attract.
      • Law of Repulsion: Like charges repel.
    • Electrostatic Discharge/Conductivity/Conductors/Insulators:
      • Electrostatic Discharge: Rapid transfer of charge.
      • Conductivity: How easily charge flows.
      • Conductors: Allow charge easy flow (ex: metals).
      • Insulators: Resist charge flow (ex: non-metals)
    • Conduction/Induction:
      • Contact: Electrons flow on direct contact.
      • Induction: Movements of electrons in a neutral object without direct contact(ex: electroscope).
    • Safety Concerns: Wear appropriate footwear, avoid contact with electric appliances when wet, use proper devices to prevent excessive current flow!
    • Coulomb (unit of charge), electrostatic applications, and lightning.
    • Current Electricity: Continuous flow of electrons, needs energy source and complete loop (circuit), components: energy source, load, conducting wires, switch.
    • Electrochemical cells: Devices using chemical reactions to produce electricity (ex: wet/dry cells with electrolyte, electrodes, anode, cathode).
    • Potential difference/Voltage: Difference in electric potential energy between two points, measured in volts (V), (Voltmeter).
    • Current: Rate of charge flow, measured in amperes (A), (Ammeter).
    • Resistance: Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω), (Ohmmeter); factors affecting resistance (length, cross-section, material, temperature).
    • Ohm's Law: Relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
    • Series/Parallel Circuits:
      • Series: Single path, voltages add up, currents are same throughout, resistances add up.
      • Parallel: Multiple paths, voltages same across each branch, currents add up, reciprocal resistance formula.
    • Combination Circuits: Combination of series and parallel elements.
    • Short circuit/Fuses/Circuit Breakers: Short circuit: accidental low resistance connection- safety devices to prevent overheating.
    • Grounding: Connection to ground/earth to safely conduct excess current. GFCI.
    • DC/AC Electric current:
      • DC: One-direction flow.
      • AC: Flows back and forth.
    • Conventional current: Current assumed flow from positive to negative, electrons actually flow from negative to positive terminal (inside a battery).

    Chapter 6 Review

    • Renewable/Non-renewable resources: renewable resources can be replaced, non-renewable resources cannot.
    • Energy Generation Methods: Hydro, fossil fuels, nuclear, biomass, solar, wind.
    • Hydropower: Converts kinetic energy of falling water into electricity (turbine and generator).
    • Fossil Fuels: Burns fuels to produce heat; steam spins turbine and generator.
    • Nuclear Power: Nuclear fission releases heat for steam turbines.
    • Biomass: Burns plant materials for heat and power.
    • Solar Power: Converts sunlight into electricity using solar panels.
    • Wind Power: Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind into electricity.
    • Comparing energy sources (advantages/disadvantages).
    • Kirchhoff's Laws: Analyzing larger circuits.

    Biology Review

    • Environment, Ecology, Ecosystem, Habitat, Biosphere, Sustainability, Organic and Inorganic Matter: (definitions).

    • Biogeochemical Cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus): Movement of matter.

    • Decay and Decomposition: Recycling matter in ecosystems.

    • Ecological Niche: A species' role in an ecosystem.

    • Earth's Spheres (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere):

    • Gaia Hypothesis: Earth as a self-regulating system.

    • Stewardship: Responsibility for Earth's care

    • Ecosystems (living and non-living components, populations, communities, species), and types! Biotic vs Abiotic.

    • Characteristics of Living things: Examples include movement, reproduction, nutrition, respiration, excretion, and cycle life processes/stages.

    • Biomes, Terrestrial (ex: Grasslands, Deciduous Forests, Tundra, Boreal Forests, etc) and Aquatic (ex: Oceans, Rivers, Lakes, etc).

    • Sustainability of Ecosystems: Maintaining balance and not destroying ecosystems.

    • Ecosystem Interactions (competition, predation, symbiosis): Symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism).

    • Limiting Factors: Factors that prevent population growth (biotic and abiotic), examples include water, sunlight, and competition among species.

    • Population-Carrying Capacity: Maximum population an ecosystem can support.

    • Biodiversity (genetic and species): Variation within and among species.

      • Threats to biodiversity: Habitat change, pollution, invasive species, overexploitation and climate change.

    • Sustainable Use and Conservation: Using the resources without damaging the environment.

    • Artificial Ecosystems: Man-made systems needing ongoing maintenance.

    • Ecological Pyramids (energy, numbers, biomass).

    • Food chains and webs.

    • Energy transfer in food chains (10% rule), trophic levels and their relationships.

    • Ecosystem Interactions: How limiting factors interact with biotic and abiotic factors (competition, predation, symbiosis)

    • Nitrogen Cycle: Processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification , importance in ecosystems, human impacts (eutrophication).

    • Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis, cellular respiration and fossil fuel combustion, importance in ecosystems, human impacts (global warming).

    • Water Cycle: Processes involved in water cycling through the environment (evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation).

    • Pests, Pesticide Use, and Biomagnification: Pesticides, effects on non-target organisms, and persistence; causes of pesticide resistance.

    • Bioaccumulation and Bio-amplification: The accumulation of pesticides in living organisms- the further up the food chain- the higher concentration of pesticide.

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    Test your knowledge on the definitions and properties of matter, including phase changes and mixtures. This quiz covers key concepts from atomic theory and the distinctions between physical and chemical properties. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the fundamentals of matter!

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