Science Chapter 9 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a calorie?

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

What is glycolysis?

The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid.

What is cellular respiration?

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

What is NAD+?

An electron carrier. Signup and view all the answers

What is fermentation?

This releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What does anaerobic mean?

Processes that take place without oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What does aerobic mean?

Processes that take place with oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

This uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Why is fermentation considered an anaerobic process?

Because it does not need oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

How does fermentation allow ATP production to continue?

It converts NADH back into the electron carrier NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP. Signup and view all the answers

How is pyruvic acid used in the Krebs cycle?

The pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three processes involved in aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products for cellular respiration?

Reactants are oxygen and glucose; products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products for glycolysis?

The reactant is glucose, and the product is 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of muscle soreness during lactic acid fermentation?

The buildup of lactic acid. Signup and view all the answers

Which forms of anaerobic cellular respiration are used commercially?

Lactic acid fermentation makes cheese and yogurt; alcoholic fermentation is used in bread making. Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products for lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?

Reactants are pyruvic acid and NADH; products for alcoholic fermentation are alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+; products for lactic acid fermentation are lactic acid and NAD+. Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration, alcoholic fermentation, and lactic acid fermentation?

All organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration; bacteria can perform alcoholic fermentation; humans perform lactic acid fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

The products are carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH2. Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of NADH and FADH2?

They are used to generate huge amounts of ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt and how is it repaid?

Oxygen debt occurs when muscle cells produce lactic acid; it is repaid with heavy breathing for oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the net number of ATP produced from one glucose molecule as a result of aerobic cellular respiration?

The net gain of ATP from one glucose is two; 36 ATP molecules are produced in aerobic cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What are three sources of energy involved in exercise?

ATP already in the muscles, new ATP made by lactic acid fermentation, and cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

Which processes release energy from glucose?

Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Which major organelle is involved in aerobic cellular respiration?

The organelle involved is the mitochondrion. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy and Metabolism

Calorie: Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
Glycolysis: Breakdown of one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules, a three-carbon compound.
Cellular respiration: Energy-releasing process that breaks down glucose and food molecules with oxygen.

Key Components in Energy Processes

NAD+: An important electron carrier involved in cellular processes.
Fermentation: Releases energy from food by producing ATP without oxygen.
Anaerobic: Processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.
Aerobic: Processes that occur in the presence of oxygen.

Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

Krebs cycle: Converts pyruvic acid into CO2 through energy-extracting reactions.
Electron Transport Chain: Utilizes high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP.

Fermentation and Energy Production

Fermentation is anaerobic and does not require oxygen to produce ATP.
Converts NADH back to NAD+ to sustain glycolysis and maintain ATP production.
Muscle soreness from lactic acid fermentation stems from lactic acid buildup.

Types of Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation: Used in the production of cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, sauerkraut, and kimchi.
Alcoholic fermentation: Used by yeast for bread-making.
Reactants for both fermentation types: Pyruvic acid and NADH; products differ: alcoholic fermentation yields alcohol and CO2, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.

Organisms Involved

Aerobic cellular respiration: Performed by all organisms.
Alcoholic fermentation: Carried out by bacteria.
Lactic acid fermentation: Conducted by humans.

Krebs Cycle Yield

Products of Krebs cycle include carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH2.
NADH and FADH2 generate high-energy electrons that contribute to ATP production.

Oxygen Debt

Oxygen debt occurs when lactic acid builds up in muscle cells due to insufficient ATP.
Heavy breathing post-exercise is the repayment of this oxygen debt required to metabolize lactic acid.

ATP Production and Energy Sources

Net gain of ATP from one glucose molecule: 2 ATP from glycolysis and 36 ATP from aerobic cellular respiration.
Energy sources during exercise include pre-existing ATP in muscles, ATP produced by lactic acid fermentation, and ATP from cellular respiration.

Distinction of Energy Processes

Cellular respiration effectively releases energy from glucose, distinguishing it from processes that do not yield energy efficiently.
Major organelle for aerobic cellular respiration: mitochondria.

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Description

Explore key concepts in Science Chapter 9 through these flashcards. Learn important terms such as calorie, glycolysis, and cellular respiration. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of energy processes in biology.