Questions and Answers
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
What is glycolysis?
The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid.
What is cellular respiration?
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
What is NAD+?
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What is fermentation?
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What does anaerobic mean?
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What does aerobic mean?
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What happens during the Krebs cycle?
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What is the Electron Transport Chain?
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Why is fermentation considered an anaerobic process?
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How does fermentation allow ATP production to continue?
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How is pyruvic acid used in the Krebs cycle?
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What are the three processes involved in aerobic cellular respiration?
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What are the reactants and products for cellular respiration?
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What are the reactants and products for glycolysis?
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What is the cause of muscle soreness during lactic acid fermentation?
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Which forms of anaerobic cellular respiration are used commercially?
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What are the reactants and products for lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?
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Which organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration, alcoholic fermentation, and lactic acid fermentation?
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What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
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What are the roles of NADH and FADH2?
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What is oxygen debt and how is it repaid?
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What is the net number of ATP produced from one glucose molecule as a result of aerobic cellular respiration?
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What are three sources of energy involved in exercise?
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Which processes release energy from glucose?
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Which major organelle is involved in aerobic cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Energy and Metabolism
- Calorie: Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
- Glycolysis: Breakdown of one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules, a three-carbon compound.
- Cellular respiration: Energy-releasing process that breaks down glucose and food molecules with oxygen.
Key Components in Energy Processes
- NAD+: An important electron carrier involved in cellular processes.
- Fermentation: Releases energy from food by producing ATP without oxygen.
- Anaerobic: Processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.
- Aerobic: Processes that occur in the presence of oxygen.
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
- Krebs cycle: Converts pyruvic acid into CO2 through energy-extracting reactions.
- Electron Transport Chain: Utilizes high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP.
Fermentation and Energy Production
- Fermentation is anaerobic and does not require oxygen to produce ATP.
- Converts NADH back to NAD+ to sustain glycolysis and maintain ATP production.
- Muscle soreness from lactic acid fermentation stems from lactic acid buildup.
Types of Fermentation
- Lactic acid fermentation: Used in the production of cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, sauerkraut, and kimchi.
- Alcoholic fermentation: Used by yeast for bread-making.
- Reactants for both fermentation types: Pyruvic acid and NADH; products differ: alcoholic fermentation yields alcohol and CO2, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.
Organisms Involved
- Aerobic cellular respiration: Performed by all organisms.
- Alcoholic fermentation: Carried out by bacteria.
- Lactic acid fermentation: Conducted by humans.
Krebs Cycle Yield
- Products of Krebs cycle include carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH2.
- NADH and FADH2 generate high-energy electrons that contribute to ATP production.
Oxygen Debt
- Oxygen debt occurs when lactic acid builds up in muscle cells due to insufficient ATP.
- Heavy breathing post-exercise is the repayment of this oxygen debt required to metabolize lactic acid.
ATP Production and Energy Sources
- Net gain of ATP from one glucose molecule: 2 ATP from glycolysis and 36 ATP from aerobic cellular respiration.
- Energy sources during exercise include pre-existing ATP in muscles, ATP produced by lactic acid fermentation, and ATP from cellular respiration.
Distinction of Energy Processes
- Cellular respiration effectively releases energy from glucose, distinguishing it from processes that do not yield energy efficiently.
- Major organelle for aerobic cellular respiration: mitochondria.
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Explore key concepts in Science Chapter 9 through these flashcards. Learn important terms such as calorie, glycolysis, and cellular respiration. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of energy processes in biology.