Science Chapter 2: The Earth and The Universe

What was the ancient Mesopotamian civilization's belief about the Earth's shape?

Who was the Greek mathematician who proved that the Earth is round?

What did Eratosthenes observe about the sun's rays in Alexandria?

What was the prevailing theory of the universe before Eratosthenes' discovery?

What did Aristotle propose about the movement of celestial bodies?

What was Ptolemy's contribution to the understanding of the universe?

What did Eratosthenes measure accurately using his observations?

What was the ancient people's initial belief about the shape of the Earth?

What did people of the Earth believe in for almost two thousand years?

What was peculiar about the movement of the planets in the sky?

What did Copernicus propose in his book in 1544?

What happened to Copernicus' book after his death?

Who supported Copernicus' theory after observing the sky with a telescope?

Why did the Catholic Church get furious with Galileo?

What did the Catholic Church do to Galileo after he supported Copernicus' theory?

How many planets are mentioned in the text as revolving around the Sun?

Evolution of Cosmology

In ancient times, people believed in a flat Earth with a bowl-shaped sky, clouds, moon, sun, and stars revolving around it.
The ancient Mesopotamian civilization believed in a flat Earth floating on a vast ocean, covered by a round sky.
In 240 BC, Eratosthenes observed that the sun's rays fell at 7.2 degrees 800 kilometers away from Alexandria, leading him to conclude that the Earth is round.
Eratosthenes accurately measured the Earth's radius by comparing the difference of the fallen angle and the distance between them.

Geocentric Model

Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model, where the Earth is the center of the universe, and all planets, stars, moon, and sun revolve around it.
This model was widely accepted for nearly 2000 years, supported by religious texts and perceived natural explanations.

Heliocentric Model

Copernicus wrote a book in 1444 proposing the heliocentric model, where the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
Copernicus' theory was initially not widely accepted, but it was later published again and gained popularity among scientists.
Galileo supported Copernicus' theory, observing the planets with a telescope, and confirmed that they revolve around the sun.
The Catholic Church opposed Galileo's views, contradicting their theological beliefs, and put him on trial.

The Solar System

The Sun is at the center of the solar system, with eight planets orbiting around it: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
The relative sizes of the planets can be observed in relation to the Sun.

Explore the evolution of cosmology, the creation of the solar system, and constellations, as well as the prevailing superstition of astrology in this chapter.