Science Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is a gamete?

Gametes are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote. They are produced by meiosis and are haploid.

What are alleles?

Alleles are different forms of a gene that can be dominant or recessive.

How many alleles for the height gene does a pea plant gamete have?

2 alleles

Why did Gregor Mendel remove the male parts of flowers of some plants?

He removed the male parts to control the crosses between plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the F1 generation?

The F1 generation is the first generation of offspring produced by a set of parents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the F2 generation?

The F2 generation is the result of a cross between two F1 individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the F1 generation when Gregor Mendel crossed a tall pea plant with a short plant?

The F1 generation inherited one allele from each parent. Signup and view all the answers

If a pea plant’s alleles for height are tt, what could be said about the parents?

Both carried the tt recessive allele. Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if a tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt) and the tall F1 pea plants self-pollinate?

The offspring could be tall or short; 75% will be tall and 25% will be short. Signup and view all the answers

What is the P generation?

The 'P' stands for parental; it is the first generation of two individuals mated to analyze their offspring. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why short plants reappeared in the F2 generation if a tall plant was crossed with a short plant in the P generation.

The allele for height segregated when the F1 plants made gametes. Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait. Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait. Signup and view all the answers

How can the principles of probability be used?

The principles of probability can predict the traits of offspring from genetic crosses. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the F1 generation if a heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a homozygous short pea plant?

50% of the F1 generation will be (Tt) yielding tall plants, and 50% will be (tt) yielding short plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hybrid?

A hybrid is an offspring of crosses between parents with different traits. Signup and view all the answers

Using a Punnett square, what can you tell about the offspring of this cross?

All have inherited the tall trait. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the principle of independent assortment.

The principle of independent assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of segregation?

The principle of segregation states that during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gametes

Reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Produced by meiosis, which results in haploid cells containing one set of chromosomes.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene, which can be classified as dominant or recessive.

Pea Plant Genetics

A pea plant gamete has two alleles for the height gene.
Gregor Mendel removed male flower parts to control plant crosses.

Generations in Genetics

F1 generation: The first offspring generation from a parental cross, with "F" standing for filial.
F2 generation: Resulting generation from mating between F1 individuals.
P generation: The initial parents crossed, from whom traits are analyzed in offspring.

Mendel's Experiments

F1 generation from a tall (TT) and a short (tt) plant will inherit one allele from each parent.
When tall (TT) and short (tt) plants are crossed:
- F1 generation: All offspring will be tall (Tt).
- When F1 plants self-pollinate, the offspring will have a phenotypic ratio of 75% tall to 25% short.

Reappearance of Traits

Short plants reappeared in F2 due to segregation of alleles during gamete formation from F1 plants.

Genetic Terms

Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a single trait (e.g., Rr for round and wrinkled seeds).
Homozygous: Having identical alleles for a trait, either dominant (RR) or recessive (rr).

Probability in Genetics

Probability principles can predict offspring traits in genetic crosses.
Crossing a heterozygous tall plant with a homozygous short plant yields 50% tall (Tt) and 50% short (tt) offspring.

Hybrids

Hybrids result from crosses between parents with different traits.

Independent Assortment

Principle stating that different genes independently separate during gamete formation, observed by Mendel in 1865.

Segregation Principle

States that alleles for each gene segregate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries one allele for each gene.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering essential terms from Chapter 11 of your science curriculum. Key concepts like gametes and alleles are explored, helping you understand the fundamentals of genetics and reproduction. Perfect for quick revision before exams!