Science Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What term describes the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at its melting point?

Sensible heat

Specific heat

Latent heat of fusion (correct)

Latent heat of vaporization

Why does ice float on water despite having a solid state?

Water has higher specific heat than ice

Ice is denser than water

The temperature of ice is lower than water

Ice has lower density than water (correct)

What happens to the particles of a solid when it starts to melt?

They move closer together

They lose mass

They stop moving completely

They begin to vibrate and move apart (correct)

During the melting of ice, what happens to the temperature until all the ice has melted?

The temperature remains constant Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'latent' in 'latent heat'?

It denotes heat energy that is hidden Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when solid carbon dioxide transitions directly to gas?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to solid carbon dioxide when pressure is decreased to 1 atmosphere?

It sublimates directly into gas. Signup and view all the answers

What state of matter is water when it is in the form of water vapour?

Gas Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheres (atm) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does heating have on the molecules of a solid as it approaches its melting point?

Molecules gain kinetic energy Signup and view all the answers

In which process does 'latent heat of fusion' occur?

Conversion of solid to liquid Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen when pressure is applied to a gas?

The gas will condense into a liquid. Signup and view all the answers

Which change of state occurs when gas changes directly to solid?

Deposition Signup and view all the answers

At sea level, what is the standard atmospheric pressure?

1 atm Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of solid, liquid, and gas states of matter?

They vary based on particle distance and interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between temperature, pressure, and the state of a substance?

Temperature and pressure independently determine the state. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water vapour when it comes into contact with a cold surface?

It condenses into liquid water. Signup and view all the answers

Why do we experience cooling when our body perspires?

The latent heat of vaporisation is taken from the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of wearing cotton clothes in summer?

Cotton absorbs sweat and aids in evaporation. Signup and view all the answers

How does a desert cooler operate more effectively on hot, dry days?

The dry air allows for more evaporation. Signup and view all the answers

Why does water in an earthen pot become cool during summer?

The evaporation of water from the pot surface absorbs heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is observed when acetone is applied to the palm?

The palm feels colder due to heat absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Why can we sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than from a cup?

The saucer has a larger surface area for evaporation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary state of matter found in gases regarding particle arrangement?

Particles are scattered and have the maximum kinetic energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit symbol for temperature?

K Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following quantities is expressed in pascals?

Pressure Signup and view all the answers

In which state is water at 100°C?

Gas Signup and view all the answers

Which unit measures density?

kg m–3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of weight in the SI system?

N Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume unit for a cubic meter?

m3 Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does water freeze, in Kelvin?

273 K Signup and view all the answers

How would you convert 25°C to kelvin?

298 K Signup and view all the answers

What is matter defined as?

Anything that has mass and occupies space Signup and view all the answers

According to early philosophers, what elements were considered fundamental to all matter?

Air, earth, fire, sky, and water Signup and view all the answers

What concept is used to explain the phenomena of matter?

Particle theory of matter Signup and view all the answers

What happens to salt when it is dissolved in water?

It spreads throughout the water and is no longer visible Signup and view all the answers

What are the two modern classifications of matter based on?

Physical properties and chemical nature Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as matter?

Light Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property that all matter possesses?

Mass and volume Signup and view all the answers

What do ancient Greek philosophers and early Indian philosophers have in common regarding matter?

They both classified matter into basic elements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter is everything around us, comprising materials with varying shapes, sizes, and textures, occupying space, and possessing mass.
Early Indian philosophers categorized matter into five basic elements: air, earth, fire, sky, and water.
Ancient Greek philosophers proposed similar classifications, while modern scientists classify matter based on physical properties and chemical nature.

States of Matter

Matter exists primarily in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
States are defined by particle arrangement and the forces of attraction between them:
- Solids have maximum attraction, closely packed particles, and fixed shapes.
- Liquids have intermediate attraction, allowing particles to flow while maintaining volume.
- Gases have minimal attraction, with widely spaced particles that can move freely.

Changes of State

Three common changes of state include:
- Melting: solid to liquid (e.g., ice to water).
- Vaporization: liquid to gas (e.g., water to steam).
- Sublimation: solid directly to gas (e.g., dry ice).
Latent heat refers to the amount of heat energy absorbed or released during these changes without temperature change.
The latent heat of fusion is the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid at its melting point.

Effect of Pressure and Temperature

Pressure and temperature influence the state of matter. Increasing pressure can compress gases into liquids or solids.
Atmospheric pressure is defined as 1 atmosphere (atm), equivalent to 1.01 × 10^5 Pascals (Pa).

Practical Applications and Observations

Evaporation has a cooling effect; for instance, perspiration cools the body as sweat evaporates.
Cotton absorbs moisture effectively, aiding evaporation and thus providing comfort in hot weather.
Common examples of evaporation effects include cooling influenced by water in earthen pots and the feeling of cold when acetone is applied to the skin.

Measurable Quantities

Important measurements in studying matter:
- Temperature: Kelvin (K)
- Length: Metre (m)
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Weight: Newton (N)
- Volume: Cubic metre (m³)
- Density: Kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m³)
- Pressure: Pascal (Pa)

Experiments and Activities

Activity: Observe salt or sugar dissolution in water and notice changes in water level.
Group Activity: Create a model illustrating particle movement in solids, liquids, and gases for better understanding.

Problem-Solving

Temperature conversion between Celsius and Kelvin scales is a common exercise in thermodynamics.
Observations regarding changes in matter, such as naphthalene ball disappearance or perfume diffusion, are explored for deeper understanding of particle behavior.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fascinating world of matter and its diverse forms in this quiz based on Chapter 1. This chapter delves into the various properties, shapes, and textures of materials in our environment. Test your understanding of how matter constitutes our universe with engaging activities!