Science and Society: Historical Perspectives

Study Notes

Science has a historical interconnection with society, with roots that are difficult to pinpoint.
Trepanation, an ancient form of brain surgery, dates back approximately 6,000 years in Cappadocia, Turkey.
China's ancient practice of integrating fish farming with rice cultivation, over 1,000 years old, supports sustainable agriculture and local communities.

Mummification involves preserving deceased bodies, classified by preservation methods and mediums.
Ancient Egyptians practiced mummification, believing the soul needed to recognize the body for eternal life.

As an Idea: Encompasses theories and systematic explanations regarding the natural world.
As Intellectual Activity: Involves systematic observations and experiments.
As a Knowledge Body: A structured field of study focused on understanding the physical world (school science).
As Personal and Social Activity: Science involves human endeavors to comprehend the world.

Noble ideas evolved into Philosophy as early humans sought explanations for natural phenomena, often intertwining with religion.
The Enlightenment marked a period from the 15th to 17th century, where mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry reshaped societal views on nature, leading to the emergence of modern science.

The Scientific Revolution reflected significant changes in thought, belief, and social organization in Europe from 1550 to 1700.
Resistance from rulers and religious authorities resulted in condemnation or punishment for scientists pursuing new ideas.

Nicolaus Copernicus: Proposed the heliocentric model in 1543, situating the Sun at the universe's center. His ideas faced banishment from Rome, considered heretical.
Charles Darwin: Known for his Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection, published in "The Origin of Species" in 1859. His work challenged prevailing religious and unscientific beliefs and established a foundation for scientific inquiry based on observation and experimentation.
Sigmund Freud: Pioneered Psychoanalysis, focusing on human sexuality and the darker aspects of human nature, marking a significant advancement in psychology.