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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of cortical pyramidal cells in schizophrenia?
What is the main theory that explains the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
What is the primary difference between typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs?
What is the side effect of typical antipsychotic drugs due to the block of dopamine transmission within the nigrostriatal pathway?
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What is the result of chronic use of typical antipsychotic drugs on dopamine D2 receptors?
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What is the common side effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs that affects glucose metabolism?
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What is the age range when schizophrenia typically emerges?
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What is the suggested role of dopamine in schizophrenia?
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What is the effect of amphetamine on patients with schizophrenia?
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What is the mechanism of action of typical antipsychotic drugs?
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What is the side effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs that affects the immune system?
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What is the term for the abnormal movements of the face, tongue, and limbs caused by chronic use of typical antipsychotic drugs?
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What is the primary neuroanatomical feature of schizophrenia?
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What is the potential trigger for the development of schizophrenia during adolescence?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs?
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What is the primary cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
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What is the potential long-term consequence of typical antipsychotic drug use?
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What is the primary advantage of atypical antipsychotic drugs over typical antipsychotic drugs?
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Study Notes
Schizophrenia
- Emerges in adolescence or young adulthood
- Characterized by reduced cortical grey matter, supporting neurodegeneration within the cortex
- Cortical pyramidal cells show reduced dendritic length and spine density
Aetiology
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental risk factors:
- Cannabis exposure
- Urban living
- Stress during adolescence
- Maternal factors:
- Prenatal infections
- Malnutrition
Clinical Signs
- Categorized into:
- Positive symptoms:
- Delusions
- Abnormal behavior
- Hallucinations
- Illusions
- Thought disorder
- Negative symptoms:
- Social withdrawal
- Disorganized speech
- Lack of drive
- Flattened emotions
- Cognitive symptoms:
- Attention
- Executive function
- Learning
- Memory
- Positive symptoms:
Dopamine Hypothesis
- Key evidence: dopamine hyperactivity underlies positive symptoms
- Amphetamine induces stereotyped psychotic-like symptoms in patients
- Increased number of D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenic brains
Antipsychotic Drugs
Typical Antipsychotics
- Developed pre-1980s
- Examples:
- Chlorpromazine
- Haloperidol
- Mechanism of action:
- Act as antagonists for DA D2
- Also affect a-adrenoceptor > dopamine D1
- Only tackles positive symptoms
- Lag in clinical relief (reason unknown)
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Developed from 1980s onwards
- Examples:
- Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
- Mechanism of action:
- Act as antagonists for 5-HT2 > DA-D4 ≥ DA-D2 = DA-D1 = a-adrenoceptor = mACh = Histamine H1
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
Typical Antipsychotics
- Extra-pyramidal side effects:
- Pseudoparkinsonism (stooped posture, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors)
- Acute dystonias (facial grimacing, muscle spasms of face, neck + back)
- Akathisia (restless, feet rock back + forth)
- Tardive dyskinesia (protruding tongue, lip smacking, facial dyskinesia, involuntary movements of limbs)
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Side effects:
- Sedation
- Leucopenia or agranulocytosis
- Weight gain
- Impaired glycemic control causing insulin resistance
Schizophrenia
- Emerges in adolescence or young adulthood
- Characterized by reduced cortical grey matter, supporting neurodegeneration within the cortex
- Cortical pyramidal cells show reduced dendritic length and spine density
Aetiology
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental risk factors:
- Cannabis exposure
- Urban living
- Stress during adolescence
- Maternal factors:
- Prenatal infections
- Malnutrition
Clinical Signs
- Categorized into:
- Positive symptoms:
- Delusions
- Abnormal behavior
- Hallucinations
- Illusions
- Thought disorder
- Negative symptoms:
- Social withdrawal
- Disorganized speech
- Lack of drive
- Flattened emotions
- Cognitive symptoms:
- Attention
- Executive function
- Learning
- Memory
- Positive symptoms:
Dopamine Hypothesis
- Key evidence: dopamine hyperactivity underlies positive symptoms
- Amphetamine induces stereotyped psychotic-like symptoms in patients
- Increased number of D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenic brains
Antipsychotic Drugs
Typical Antipsychotics
- Developed pre-1980s
- Examples:
- Chlorpromazine
- Haloperidol
- Mechanism of action:
- Act as antagonists for DA D2
- Also affect a-adrenoceptor > dopamine D1
- Only tackles positive symptoms
- Lag in clinical relief (reason unknown)
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Developed from 1980s onwards
- Examples:
- Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
- Mechanism of action:
- Act as antagonists for 5-HT2 > DA-D4 ≥ DA-D2 = DA-D1 = a-adrenoceptor = mACh = Histamine H1
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
Typical Antipsychotics
- Extra-pyramidal side effects:
- Pseudoparkinsonism (stooped posture, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors)
- Acute dystonias (facial grimacing, muscle spasms of face, neck + back)
- Akathisia (restless, feet rock back + forth)
- Tardive dyskinesia (protruding tongue, lip smacking, facial dyskinesia, involuntary movements of limbs)
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Side effects:
- Sedation
- Leucopenia or agranulocytosis
- Weight gain
- Impaired glycemic control causing insulin resistance
Schizophrenia
- Emerges in adolescence or young adulthood
- Characterized by reduced cortical grey matter, supporting neurodegeneration within the cortex
- Cortical pyramidal cells show reduced dendritic length and spine density
Aetiology
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental risk factors:
- Cannabis exposure
- Urban living
- Stress during adolescence
- Maternal factors:
- Prenatal infections
- Malnutrition
Clinical Signs
- Categorized into:
- Positive symptoms:
- Delusions
- Abnormal behavior
- Hallucinations
- Illusions
- Thought disorder
- Negative symptoms:
- Social withdrawal
- Disorganized speech
- Lack of drive
- Flattened emotions
- Cognitive symptoms:
- Attention
- Executive function
- Learning
- Memory
- Positive symptoms:
Dopamine Hypothesis
- Key evidence: dopamine hyperactivity underlies positive symptoms
- Amphetamine induces stereotyped psychotic-like symptoms in patients
- Increased number of D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenic brains
Antipsychotic Drugs
Typical Antipsychotics
- Developed pre-1980s
- Examples:
- Chlorpromazine
- Haloperidol
- Mechanism of action:
- Act as antagonists for DA D2
- Also affect a-adrenoceptor > dopamine D1
- Only tackles positive symptoms
- Lag in clinical relief (reason unknown)
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Developed from 1980s onwards
- Examples:
- Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
- Mechanism of action:
- Act as antagonists for 5-HT2 > DA-D4 ≥ DA-D2 = DA-D1 = a-adrenoceptor = mACh = Histamine H1
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
Typical Antipsychotics
- Extra-pyramidal side effects:
- Pseudoparkinsonism (stooped posture, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors)
- Acute dystonias (facial grimacing, muscle spasms of face, neck + back)
- Akathisia (restless, feet rock back + forth)
- Tardive dyskinesia (protruding tongue, lip smacking, facial dyskinesia, involuntary movements of limbs)
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Side effects:
- Sedation
- Leucopenia or agranulocytosis
- Weight gain
- Impaired glycemic control causing insulin resistance
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Description
This quiz covers the pathology and aetiology of schizophrenia, including its emergence in adolescence, reduced cortical grey matter, and potential genetic and environmental risk factors. It also touches on the clinical signs and symptoms of the disorder.
