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Questions and Answers
Which surface of the scapula is concave and applied to the thorax?
Which surface of the scapula is concave and applied to the thorax?
- Anterior surface (correct)
- Infraspinous fossa
- Posterior surface
- Supraspinous fossa
What process of the scapula projects horizontally posteriorly from the body of the bone?
What process of the scapula projects horizontally posteriorly from the body of the bone?
- Spinous process (correct)
- Suprascapular notch
- Coracoid process
- Acromion process
Which muscle is attached to the crest of the spine of the scapula?
Which muscle is attached to the crest of the spine of the scapula?
- Deltoid
- Serratus anterior
- Biceps brachii
- Trapezius (correct)
Where is the acromion located on the scapula?
Where is the acromion located on the scapula?
Which part of the scapula has a notch at its junction, referred to as the suprascapular notch?
Which part of the scapula has a notch at its junction, referred to as the suprascapular notch?
What is the name of the projection pointing anteriorly just above the glenoid cavity on the scapula?
What is the name of the projection pointing anteriorly just above the glenoid cavity on the scapula?
Which bone is longer than and medial to the radius?
Which bone is longer than and medial to the radius?
Where is the anatomical neck located in relation to the head?
Where is the anatomical neck located in relation to the head?
Which muscle covers the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Which muscle covers the greater tubercle of the humerus?
What kind of fracture may result from a fall on the outstretched hand?
What kind of fracture may result from a fall on the outstretched hand?
Where does the olecranon process articulate proximally?
Where does the olecranon process articulate proximally?
Where is the intertubercular groove located in relation to the humerus?
Where is the intertubercular groove located in relation to the humerus?
Which nerve lies in contact with the surgical neck of the humerus?
Which nerve lies in contact with the surgical neck of the humerus?
What part of the radius articulates with the lunate and scaphoid?
What part of the radius articulates with the lunate and scaphoid?
Which part of the ulna is covered by a bursa and is subcutaneous?
Which part of the ulna is covered by a bursa and is subcutaneous?
Where is the deltoid muscle inserted on the humerus?
Where is the deltoid muscle inserted on the humerus?
Which epicondyle of the humerus gives origin to the flexor muscles of the forearm?
Which epicondyle of the humerus gives origin to the flexor muscles of the forearm?
What brings the styloid processes of the radius and ulna to approximately the same horizontal level in a Colles' fracture?
What brings the styloid processes of the radius and ulna to approximately the same horizontal level in a Colles' fracture?
Which vertebra is most commonly affected by spondylosis and spondylolisthesis?
Which vertebra is most commonly affected by spondylosis and spondylolisthesis?
How many lumbar vertebrae do most individuals have?
How many lumbar vertebrae do most individuals have?
Where will lumbar disorders affect in individuals with only four lumbar vertebrae?
Where will lumbar disorders affect in individuals with only four lumbar vertebrae?
Which book is NOT listed in the suggested readings related to anatomy and physiology?
Which book is NOT listed in the suggested readings related to anatomy and physiology?
What is the main function of lumbar vertebrae mentioned in the text?
What is the main function of lumbar vertebrae mentioned in the text?
Which muscle is the main elbow flexor, playing secondary roles as a stabilizer at the shoulder and as a supinator?
Which muscle is the main elbow flexor, playing secondary roles as a stabilizer at the shoulder and as a supinator?
Where does the Brachioradialis muscle originate from?
Where does the Brachioradialis muscle originate from?
Which muscle acts as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme pronation and pronates during extreme supination?
Which muscle acts as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme pronation and pronates during extreme supination?
Where is the main insertion point of the Triceps Brachii muscle?
Where is the main insertion point of the Triceps Brachii muscle?
What is the function of the anconeus muscle in relation to elbow movement?
What is the function of the anconeus muscle in relation to elbow movement?
What is referred to as the carrying angle in relation to the arm's alignment?
What is referred to as the carrying angle in relation to the arm's alignment?
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Study Notes
Scapula
- The scapula has two surfaces:
- Anterior (costal) surface, which is concave and applied to the thorax
- Posterior (dorsal) surface, which is convex and divided by the spine into two parts:
- Supraspinous fossa (smaller superior part)
- Infraspinous fossa (larger inferior part)
Processes of Scapula
- The scapula has three processes:
- Spinous process (spine)
- Acromion process (acromion)
- Coracoid process
Borders of Scapula
- The scapula has three borders:
- Medial (vertebral) border
- Lateral (axillary) border
- Superior border, which has a suprascapular (or scapular) notch
Humerus
- The anatomical neck is at the periphery of the head and separates the head from the tubercles
- The greater tubercle projects laterally beyond the acromion and is covered by the deltoid muscle
- The lesser tubercle projects anteriorly and is for muscle attachment
- The intertubercular groove contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps
Surgical Neck
- The surgical neck is a common site of fracture of the humerus
- The axillary nerve lies in contact with the surgical neck
Shaft of Humerus
- The shaft has anterolateral, anteromedial, and posterior surfaces and anterior, medial, and lateral borders
- The deltoid muscle is inserted into a deltoid tuberosity on the anterolateral surface at about the middle of the shaft
Distal End of Humerus
- The distal end includes the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges that extend distally to form the medial and lateral epicondyles
- The condyle consists of the capitulum laterally and the trochlea medially
Muscles
- Biceps brachii is the main elbow flexor, but also plays secondary roles as a stabilizer at the shoulder and as a supinator
- Brachioradialis acts essentially as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme pronation and pronates during extreme supination
- Triceps brachii is the main extensor, with a negligible assistance from anconeus
Carrying Angle
- The carrying angle is the deviation from a straight line when the arm is extended, occurring in the direction of the thumb
- The angle is greater in the dominant limb than the non-dominant limb of both sexes
Radius
- The radius has an ulnar notch on its medial side for articulation with the head of the ulna
- The dorsal tubercle is a small prominence on the convex dorsal aspect of the distal end of the radius
- The inferior surface of the distal end articulates with the lunate (medial) and the scaphoid (lateral)
Clinical Correlates
- A fall on the outstretched hand may result in a Colles' fracture of the distal end of the radius
- The fifth lumbar vertebra is the most common site of spondylosis and spondylolisthesis
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