SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 1: Biochemistry

SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 1: Biochemistry

• Active site (enzyme): A depression on a globular protein where a substrate binds.
• Active transport: Movement of materials against a concentration gradient, requiring energy; specific to molecules.
• ATP: Cellular energy required for function.
• Benedict's solution: Identifies reducing sugars.
• Coenzyme: Similar to cofactors but are organic, non-protein molecules.
• Cofactor: Inorganic ions in the active site that increase enzyme-substrate binding.
• Condensation (dehydration): Water released to combine two molecules into one.
• Coupled channel: Uses active transport-created concentration to passively transport other molecules.
• Diffusion: Random molecule movement down a concentration gradient.
• Electronegativity: An atom's ability to attract electrons when forming a bond.
• Endocytosis: Large molecule uptake into cells, requiring energy.
• Enzyme: Globular protein that speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy, held together by hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular forces.
• Enzyme saturation: Enzyme concentration increase has no effect on reaction rate, overcome by increasing substrate.
• Essential amino acids: Eight amino acids that the body can't produce.
• Exocytosis: Large molecule release from cells, requiring energy.
• Facilitated diffusion: Movement of molecules through integral proteins, requiring specificity.
• Feedback inhibition: Product inhibits earlier stages in the production pathway.
• Glycolipids: Carbohydrates attached to phospholipids in the cell membrane; acts as markers.
• Glycoproteins: Carbohydrate chains attached to membrane proteins; serves for cell recognition and communication.
• Hydrogenation: Adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids (creating trans fats), often in food preservation.
• Hydrolysis: Water consumed to break a substance into two.
• Isomer: Same chemical formula, different arrangement of atoms.
• Lateral diffusion (phospholipid bilayer): Phospholipids and proteins move sideways within the membrane.
• Osmosis: Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
• Peripheral proteins: Membrane proteins located on the surface of the lipid bilayer.
• Phagocytosis: Cell engulfing particles, bacteria, viruses in a vesicle.

SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 2: Molecular Genetics

• Antiparallel: DNA strands run parallel but in opposite directions.
• Blunt ends: DNA fragments without overhangs.
• Conservative model: DNA replication forms completely new DNA double helix.
• Dispersive model: DNA replication fragments from original strands recombine in new strands
• DNA gyrase: Relaxes DNA tension ahead of the helicase during replication.
• DNA helicase: Unwinds DNA during replication by breaking hydrogen bonds.
• DNA ligase: Connects Okazaki fragments in DNA replication.
• DNA polymerase I: Replaces RNA primers with DNA during replication, proofreads.
• DNA polymerase III: Synthesizes DNA from primer by building complementary bases.
• Exons: DNA coding regions.
• Frameshift mutation: Insertion or deletion of bases, altering codon sequence.
• Gel electrophoresis: Separates DNA fragments by size and charge.
• Hydrogen bond: Weak bond between complementary DNA base pairs.
• Initiator proteins: Identify replication origins, opening the replication bubble.
• Introns: Non-coding regions of DNA.
• Methylases: Enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA, protecting it from restriction enzymes.
• Mis-sense mutation: Changed codon results in a different amino acid.
• N-glycosidic bond: Connects sugar and base in the nucleotides.
• Non-sense mutation: Altered codon becomes a stop codon, prematurely stopping translation.
• Nucleotide: DNA and RNA building blocks, containing phosphate, sugar, and base.
• Okazaki fragments: Small fragments of DNA synthesized during discontinuous replication.
• PCR: Amplifies DNA quantity using a thermal cycler.
• Phosphodiester bond: Connects phosphate groups to sugar in nucleotides.
• Purines: Adenine and guanine (double-ring nitrogenous bases).
• Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine, and uracil (single-ring nitrogenous bases).
• Recombinant DNA: Artificially formed DNA by combining DNA pieces.
• Replication fork: Y-shaped region where DNA replicates during DNA replication
• Replication origin: Site on DNA where replication starts.
• Restriction endonuclease: Cuts DNA at specific sequences to produce DNA fragments.
• RNA primase: Synthesizes RNA primers to begin DNA synthesis.
• Semi-conservative model: DNA strands consist of one new and one old strand.
• Silent mutation: DNA change that results in the same amino acid during translation
• SSBs: Hold DNA strands apart during replication by preventing hydrogen bonds from reforming.
• Sticky Ends: DNA fragments with overhangs that allow complementary base pairing.
• Substitution mutation: One base is replaced by another.

SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 3: Metabolic Processes

•  Taq polymerase: Heat resistant DNA polymerase in PCR
• Telomeres: Repetitive ends of DNA that act as buffers and prevent chromosome ends from being damaged

SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 4: Homeostasis

• Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions.
• Acetylcholinesterase: Breaks down acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline.
• ADH: Controls kidney water permeability.
• Antagonistic hormones: Hormones with opposite effects.
• Astrocytes: Provide support to neurons.
• Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary functions.
• Broca's Area: Involved in speaking ability.
• Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord.
• Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
• Cerebral cortex: Outer layer of the brain responsible for higher functions.
• Cerebrospinal fluid: Cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.
• Cerebrum: The most developed part of the brain in humans.
• Control center/integrator: Relays messages to appropriate locations for response.
• Corpus callosum: Connects cerebral hemispheres.
• Diuretic: Inhibits ADH production, increasing urine output.
• Effector: Responds to messages, causing changes to restore balance.
• Frontal lobe: Involved in intellectual activity.
• Glial cells: Provide support to neurons.
• Homeostasis: Maintaining internal balance.
• Hypersecretion: Overproduction of hormones.
• Hyposecretion: Underproduction of hormones.
• Limbic system: Structures involved in emotions and drives.
• Medulla Oblongata: Controls basic life functions.
• Microglia: Immune cells of the CNS.
• Midbrain: Relay center for sensory information.
• Negative feedback: Maintains internal stability.
• Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney.
• Neuromuscular junction: Synapse between neuron and muscle.
• Occipital lobe: Involved in vision.

SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 5: Population Dynamics

• Allee effect: Population decline due to low numbers or densities impacting survival.
• Carnivory: Meat-eating behaviour of organisms.
• Closed population: No population movement in or out.
• Coevolution: Two or more species evolving in response to each other.
• Emigration: Movement of individuals out of a population.
• Exploitative competition: Limiting resources are utilized by organisms to reduce food.
• Exponential model: Unchecked population growth.
• Fecundity: Capacity or potential to reproduce.
• Fertility: Actual reproductive rate.
• Herbivory: Consumption of plants by animals.
• Immigration: Moving into a population.
• Interference competition: One species actively prevents another from accessing resources.
• Interspecific competition: Competition between different species.
• Intraspecific competition: Competition between members of the same species.
• Logistic model: Population growth that levels off as it nears carrying capacity.
• Mark-recapture method: Estimating population size by capturing, marking, and recapturing.
• Mortality: Death rate within a population over a given period
• Natality: Birth rate in a population over a period.
• Open population: Individuals move in or out of a population.
• Quadrat method: Counting organisms within a given area.
• Resource partitioning: Species avoid competition by using different resources/spaces.