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Questions and Answers
What is the role of initiator proteins in DNA replication?
What is the role of initiator proteins in DNA replication?
Which type of mutation results in an altered codon that produces a stop codon?
Which type of mutation results in an altered codon that produces a stop codon?
What type of bond is formed between a sugar and a nitrogenous base in nucleotides?
What type of bond is formed between a sugar and a nitrogenous base in nucleotides?
What is the principal function of methylases in DNA?
What is the principal function of methylases in DNA?
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What is the primary role of a cofactor in enzymatic reactions?
What is the primary role of a cofactor in enzymatic reactions?
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Which statement accurately describes the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?
Which statement accurately describes the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?
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Which process involves the movement of materials against the concentration gradient?
Which process involves the movement of materials against the concentration gradient?
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What happens during condensation (dehydration)?
What happens during condensation (dehydration)?
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What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
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Which statement about enzyme saturation is true?
Which statement about enzyme saturation is true?
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What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system in relation to the heart?
What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system in relation to the heart?
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Which of the following describes the Allee effect?
Which of the following describes the Allee effect?
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What is the key characteristic of a closed population?
What is the key characteristic of a closed population?
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What do we call the competition that occurs between individuals of the same species?
What do we call the competition that occurs between individuals of the same species?
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Which method is best suited for estimating population density of mobile species?
Which method is best suited for estimating population density of mobile species?
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Which of the following accurately defines the concept of natality?
Which of the following accurately defines the concept of natality?
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The logistic model of population growth is characterized by which of the following?
The logistic model of population growth is characterized by which of the following?
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What impact does the sympathetic nervous system have on liver function?
What impact does the sympathetic nervous system have on liver function?
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What is the primary function of peripheral proteins in the phospholipid bilayer?
What is the primary function of peripheral proteins in the phospholipid bilayer?
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Which process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Which process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
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What is the result of hydrogenation in food preservation?
What is the result of hydrogenation in food preservation?
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Which statement best describes isomers?
Which statement best describes isomers?
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What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
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What occurs during phagocytosis?
What occurs during phagocytosis?
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What happens during protein denaturation?
What happens during protein denaturation?
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What kind of sugars are classified as reducing sugars?
What kind of sugars are classified as reducing sugars?
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What type of bond characterizes unsaturated fats?
What type of bond characterizes unsaturated fats?
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Which structure provides protection and controls access to DNA in a cell?
Which structure provides protection and controls access to DNA in a cell?
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Which of the following correctly describes the function of glycogen?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of glycogen?
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What distinguishes a competitive inhibitor from a non-competitive inhibitor?
What distinguishes a competitive inhibitor from a non-competitive inhibitor?
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Which of the following best describes tertiary protein structure?
Which of the following best describes tertiary protein structure?
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Which term refers to a polymer made up of nucleotides?
Which term refers to a polymer made up of nucleotides?
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What process involves the transformation of glucose into energy-rich compounds like ATP?
What process involves the transformation of glucose into energy-rich compounds like ATP?
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What is the main function of the ribosomes in a cell?
What is the main function of the ribosomes in a cell?
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Which type of linkage is characteristic of carbohydrates?
Which type of linkage is characteristic of carbohydrates?
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What role do triglycerides play in biological systems?
What role do triglycerides play in biological systems?
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Which hormone produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates milk production?
Which hormone produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates milk production?
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What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
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Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving stimuli?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving stimuli?
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Which type of cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
Which type of cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
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What does negative feedback maintain?
What does negative feedback maintain?
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Which structure is NOT part of the reflex arc?
Which structure is NOT part of the reflex arc?
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What role does the thalamus serve in the sensory pathways?
What role does the thalamus serve in the sensory pathways?
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Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla during a fight or flight response?
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla during a fight or flight response?
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What physiological process does the receptor perform?
What physiological process does the receptor perform?
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What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily associated with hearing?
Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily associated with hearing?
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What is the function of microglia in the central nervous system?
What is the function of microglia in the central nervous system?
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How does myelin sheath affect nerve impulse conduction?
How does myelin sheath affect nerve impulse conduction?
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Which gland produces melatonin, and what is its primary function?
Which gland produces melatonin, and what is its primary function?
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What role do Schwann cells play in the peripheral nervous system?
What role do Schwann cells play in the peripheral nervous system?
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Study Notes
SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 1: Biochemistry
- Active site (enzyme): A depression on a globular protein where a substrate binds.
- Active transport: Movement of materials against a concentration gradient, requiring energy; specific to molecules.
- ATP: Cellular energy required for function.
- Benedict's solution: Identifies reducing sugars.
- Coenzyme: Similar to cofactors but are organic, non-protein molecules.
- Cofactor: Inorganic ions in the active site that increase enzyme-substrate binding.
- Condensation (dehydration): Water released to combine two molecules into one.
- Coupled channel: Uses active transport-created concentration to passively transport other molecules.
- Diffusion: Random molecule movement down a concentration gradient.
- Electronegativity: An atom's ability to attract electrons when forming a bond.
- Endocytosis: Large molecule uptake into cells, requiring energy.
- Enzyme: Globular protein that speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy, held together by hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular forces.
- Enzyme saturation: Enzyme concentration increase has no effect on reaction rate, overcome by increasing substrate.
- Essential amino acids: Eight amino acids that the body can't produce.
- Exocytosis: Large molecule release from cells, requiring energy.
- Facilitated diffusion: Movement of molecules through integral proteins, requiring specificity.
- Feedback inhibition: Product inhibits earlier stages in the production pathway.
- Glycolipids: Carbohydrates attached to phospholipids in the cell membrane; acts as markers.
- Glycoproteins: Carbohydrate chains attached to membrane proteins; serves for cell recognition and communication.
- Hydrogenation: Adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids (creating trans fats), often in food preservation.
- Hydrolysis: Water consumed to break a substance into two.
- Isomer: Same chemical formula, different arrangement of atoms.
- Lateral diffusion (phospholipid bilayer): Phospholipids and proteins move sideways within the membrane.
- Osmosis: Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
- Peripheral proteins: Membrane proteins located on the surface of the lipid bilayer.
- Phagocytosis: Cell engulfing particles, bacteria, viruses in a vesicle.
SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
- Antiparallel: DNA strands run parallel but in opposite directions.
- Blunt ends: DNA fragments without overhangs.
- Conservative model: DNA replication forms completely new DNA double helix.
- Dispersive model: DNA replication fragments from original strands recombine in new strands
- DNA gyrase: Relaxes DNA tension ahead of the helicase during replication.
- DNA helicase: Unwinds DNA during replication by breaking hydrogen bonds.
- DNA ligase: Connects Okazaki fragments in DNA replication.
- DNA polymerase I: Replaces RNA primers with DNA during replication, proofreads.
- DNA polymerase III: Synthesizes DNA from primer by building complementary bases.
- Exons: DNA coding regions.
- Frameshift mutation: Insertion or deletion of bases, altering codon sequence.
- Gel electrophoresis: Separates DNA fragments by size and charge.
- Hydrogen bond: Weak bond between complementary DNA base pairs.
- Initiator proteins: Identify replication origins, opening the replication bubble.
- Introns: Non-coding regions of DNA.
- Methylases: Enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA, protecting it from restriction enzymes.
- Mis-sense mutation: Changed codon results in a different amino acid.
- N-glycosidic bond: Connects sugar and base in the nucleotides.
- Non-sense mutation: Altered codon becomes a stop codon, prematurely stopping translation.
- Nucleotide: DNA and RNA building blocks, containing phosphate, sugar, and base.
- Okazaki fragments: Small fragments of DNA synthesized during discontinuous replication.
- PCR: Amplifies DNA quantity using a thermal cycler.
- Phosphodiester bond: Connects phosphate groups to sugar in nucleotides.
- Purines: Adenine and guanine (double-ring nitrogenous bases).
- Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine, and uracil (single-ring nitrogenous bases).
- Recombinant DNA: Artificially formed DNA by combining DNA pieces.
- Replication fork: Y-shaped region where DNA replicates during DNA replication
- Replication origin: Site on DNA where replication starts.
- Restriction endonuclease: Cuts DNA at specific sequences to produce DNA fragments.
- RNA primase: Synthesizes RNA primers to begin DNA synthesis.
- Semi-conservative model: DNA strands consist of one new and one old strand.
- Silent mutation: DNA change that results in the same amino acid during translation
- SSBs: Hold DNA strands apart during replication by preventing hydrogen bonds from reforming.
- Sticky Ends: DNA fragments with overhangs that allow complementary base pairing.
- Substitution mutation: One base is replaced by another.
SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 3: Metabolic Processes
- Taq polymerase: Heat resistant DNA polymerase in PCR
- Telomeres: Repetitive ends of DNA that act as buffers and prevent chromosome ends from being damaged
SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 4: Homeostasis
- Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions.
- Acetylcholinesterase: Breaks down acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline.
- ADH: Controls kidney water permeability.
- Antagonistic hormones: Hormones with opposite effects.
- Astrocytes: Provide support to neurons.
- Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary functions.
- Broca's Area: Involved in speaking ability.
- Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
- Cerebral cortex: Outer layer of the brain responsible for higher functions.
- Cerebrospinal fluid: Cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrum: The most developed part of the brain in humans.
- Control center/integrator: Relays messages to appropriate locations for response.
- Corpus callosum: Connects cerebral hemispheres.
- Diuretic: Inhibits ADH production, increasing urine output.
- Effector: Responds to messages, causing changes to restore balance.
- Frontal lobe: Involved in intellectual activity.
- Glial cells: Provide support to neurons.
- Homeostasis: Maintaining internal balance.
- Hypersecretion: Overproduction of hormones.
- Hyposecretion: Underproduction of hormones.
- Limbic system: Structures involved in emotions and drives.
- Medulla Oblongata: Controls basic life functions.
- Microglia: Immune cells of the CNS.
- Midbrain: Relay center for sensory information.
- Negative feedback: Maintains internal stability.
- Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney.
- Neuromuscular junction: Synapse between neuron and muscle.
- Occipital lobe: Involved in vision.
SBI4U Final Exam Prep - Unit 5: Population Dynamics
- Allee effect: Population decline due to low numbers or densities impacting survival.
- Carnivory: Meat-eating behaviour of organisms.
- Closed population: No population movement in or out.
- Coevolution: Two or more species evolving in response to each other.
- Emigration: Movement of individuals out of a population.
- Exploitative competition: Limiting resources are utilized by organisms to reduce food.
- Exponential model: Unchecked population growth.
- Fecundity: Capacity or potential to reproduce.
- Fertility: Actual reproductive rate.
- Herbivory: Consumption of plants by animals.
- Immigration: Moving into a population.
- Interference competition: One species actively prevents another from accessing resources.
- Interspecific competition: Competition between different species.
- Intraspecific competition: Competition between members of the same species.
- Logistic model: Population growth that levels off as it nears carrying capacity.
- Mark-recapture method: Estimating population size by capturing, marking, and recapturing.
- Mortality: Death rate within a population over a given period
- Natality: Birth rate in a population over a period.
- Open population: Individuals move in or out of a population.
- Quadrat method: Counting organisms within a given area.
- Resource partitioning: Species avoid competition by using different resources/spaces.
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Prepare for your SBI4U final exam with this comprehensive quiz focused on Unit 1: Biochemistry. Test your understanding of key concepts such as enzymes, active transport, and cellular energy. Perfect for reviewing essential biochemistry terms and processes.
