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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of mammals?

  • Milk-producing mammary glands (correct)
  • Presence of feathers
  • Ability to lay eggs
  • Exoskeleton for protection
  • What type of reproduction is typical for monotremes?

  • Asexual reproduction through budding
  • Oviparous, laying hard-shelled eggs (correct)
  • Parental care with external fertilization
  • Viviparous, live births
  • How do marsupial offspring typically develop after birth?

  • In a pouch on the female's body (correct)
  • In a protective egg until fully developed
  • Equally across both parents until maturity
  • Completely in an external environment
  • What is the primary function of the placenta in placental mammals?

    <p>Allowing the exchange of substances between maternal and fetal blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with mammals?

    <p>Ability to photosynthesize (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circulatory system do mammals possess?

    <p>Double loop circulatory system with a 4 chambered heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation is crucial for mammals to conserve water in their habitats?

    <p>Highly developed kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way in which angiosperms have succeeded in their environments?

    <p>Ability to produce seeds, flowers, and fruit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant group is characterized by having gametophytes that are dependent on sporophytes?

    <p>Bryophytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of vascular plants that facilitates the transport of water and nutrients?

    <p>Presence of roots, stems, and leaves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reproduction for amphibians?

    <p>External fertilization with eggs laid in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typical of reptiles?

    <p>Moist skin for respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do reptiles efficiently regulate respiration?

    <p>With an expandable rib cage and well-developed lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of egg adaptation is characteristic of reptiles?

    <p>Amniotic eggs with a protective shell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage do amphibians typically experience in their life cycle?

    <p>A larval stage that is aquatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the skin of amphibians?

    <p>Smooth and moist due to mucous glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT associated with amphibian hearts?

    <p>Complete separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation helps reptiles conserve water?

    <p>Thick skin covered in scales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circulatory pathway do amphibians have?

    <p>Double-loop circulatory pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group belongs under the classification of amphibians?

    <p>Frogs and toads (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a primary example of ectothermic animals?

    <p>Reptiles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in bony fishes helps regulate buoyancy?

    <p>Swim bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of amphibians during winter?

    <p>Entering a state of torpor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amphibians' limbs adapted for their life cycle?

    <p>Adapted for swimming in the larval stage and jumping in adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes amphibians from reptiles during their life cycle?

    <p>Amphibians undergo metamorphosis from larva to adult. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of reptiles?

    <p>They possess a waterproof skin covered in scales. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation in reptiles helps them thrive in dry environments?

    <p>Producing amniotic eggs to protect embryos. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amnion in amniotic eggs?

    <p>To protect the embryo from desiccation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amphibians typically reproduce?

    <p>Through external fertilization in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amphibian life cycles is false?

    <p>Adult amphibians are usually incapable of returning to aquatic environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason reptiles are more suited to terrestrial life than amphibians?

    <p>Reptiles possess amniotic eggs that do not require a water environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of amphibians?

    <p>They possess scales on their bodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physiological feature of reptiles that aids in their adaptation to land?

    <p>A complex lung structure for breathing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is NOT involved in the life cycle of amphibians?

    <p>Chrysalis stage in a pupating process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the skin of reptiles?

    <p>Covered with scales to reduce water loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amphibians is true?

    <p>Amphibians undergo a distinct larval stage before becoming adults. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary benefit of the amniotic egg is that it allows for what?

    <p>Protection of the embryo from environmental hazards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Mammal Characteristics

    Mammals are vertebrates with hair, mammary glands (milk-producing), and a highly developed skeleton and nervous system.

    Monotremes

    A group of mammals that lay eggs, have a single urogenital opening, and include the duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters.

    Marsupials

    Mammals with pouches where their young develop after birth. Found primarily in Australia.

    Placental Mammals

    The largest group of mammals, characterized by a placenta for nutrient and waste exchange between mother and embryo.

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    Placenta

    An organ that facilitates nutrient and waste exchange between a mother and her developing fetus.

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    Internal Development (Mammals)

    A characteristic of most mammals where the young are born alive after development inside the mother's uterus.

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    Angiosperms

    Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within fruit. They are among the most abundant plants.

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    Bryophytes

    Non-vascular plants including mosses, liverworts, which live in moist environments. Gametophyte is dominant.

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    Vascular Plants

    Plants with vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) that transport water and nutrients. Includes seedless plants (ferns) and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms).

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    Seed Plants

    Plants that reproduce using seeds offering protection and nourishment. Includes gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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    Sea Squirts

    Marine animals that live on the seafloor and filter feed.

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    Urochordates

    A subphylum of chordates that includes sea squirts.

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    Vertebrates

    Chordates with a vertebral column, skull, and endoskeleton.

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    Vertebral column

    A series of bones that form the spine and replace the embryonic notochord.

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    Endoskeleton

    Internal skeleton of cartilage or bone that grows with the animal.

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    Jawless Fishes

    Fishes without jaws, including hagfish and lampreys.

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    Hagfish

    Marine scavengers that feed on dead animals.

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    Lampreys

    Fishes that are either filter feeders or parasites.

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    Jawed Fishes

    Fishes with jaws, having cartilaginous or bony endoskeletons.

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    Cartilaginous Fishes

    Fishes with a cartilaginous skeleton, such as sharks and rays.

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    Bony Fishes

    Fishes with a bony skeleton; a large group with diverse fin structures.

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    Swim bladder

    Gas-filled sac in bony fishes to control buoyancy.

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    Amphibians

    Vertebrates with a larval stage in water and an adult stage on land.

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    Amphibian Skin

    Smooth, moist, and important for respiration and water balance.

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    Ectothermic

    Animals whose body temperature depends on the environment.

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    Reptiles

    Ectothermic vertebrates with dry skin covered in scales.

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    Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)

    A phylum of invertebrates, including snails, clams, and octopuses, characterized by a soft body often with a shell.

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    Visceral Mass

    The part of a mollusk's body containing internal organs.

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    Mantle

    A covering of a mollusk's visceral mass, possibly secreting a shell.

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    Radula

    A ribbon-like structure in mollusks used for feeding, scraping, or drilling.

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    Bivalves (Class Bivalvia)

    Mollusks with two shells, such as clams and oysters.

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    Filter Feeder

    An animal that feeds by straining food particles from water.

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    Gastropods (Class Gastropoda)

    Largest mollusk class, including snails and slugs, often with a single shell.

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    Cephalopods (Class Cephalopoda)

    Mollusks with tentacles, like octopuses and squids.

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    Annelids (Phylum Annelida)

    Segmented worms, like earthworms and leeches.

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    Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

    Flattened worms with a simple body plan.

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    Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

    Insects, crustaceans, spiders, and others with jointed appendages and exoskeletons.

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    Metamorphosis

    A developmental process where an organism changes form during its life cycle.

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    Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

    Marine animals with radial symmetry, such as starfish and sea urchins and a water-vascular system.

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    Chordates (Phylum Chordata)

    Animals with a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a post-anal tail.

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    Study Notes

    Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)

    • Vary in size, inhabiting marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
    • Include herbivores, carnivores, and filter feeders, as well as parasites
    • Approximately 100,000 species
    • Three main parts: visceral mass (containing internal organs), mantle (covering visceral mass, may secrete calcium carbonate and help develop gills or lungs), and foot (for locomotion, attachment, and food capture)
    • Possess a radula for grazing and other feeding methods
    • Well-developed nervous system

    Molluscs - Bivalves (Class Bivalvia)

    • Examples include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
    • Two parts to the shell, closed by adductor muscles
    • Lack a head and radula, with minimal cephalization
    • Tentacles on the mantle
    • Usually burrow in sandy or muddy soil
    • Filter feeders, capturing food particles suspended in water
    • Water is drawn in through an inlet siphon, carrying with it suspended particles.
    • Particles are trapped in mucus and passed over gills.
    • Filtered water is expelled through the outlet siphon.

    Molluscs - Gastropods (Class Gastropoda)

    • Examples include slugs, snails, abalones, whelks, conchs, limpets, and sea slugs
    • Largest class of molluscs
    • Many have a single, coiled shell (though not all)
    • Well-developed head region

    Annelids (Phylum Annelida)

    • Examples include earthworms, marine worms, and leeches
    • Segmented worms, mostly marine
    • Well-developed coelom (fluid-filled body cavity) - acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing independent movement of each body segment
    • Can burrow in mud and crawl

    Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

    • Possess rigid and jointed exoskeletons composed of chitin
    • Must molt to grow
    • Segmented bodies with paired appendages for various functions including feeding, reproduction, and locomotion.
    • Include a well-developed central nervous system, often with brains and ventral nerve cords.
    • Employ diverse respiratory systems, including gills, book lungs, and tracheae.
    • Many undergo metamorphosis, with distinct larval and adult stages.

    Arthropods - Crustaceans

    • Examples include shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, crabs, barnacles, and krill
    • Majority live in marine and aquatic environments
    • Possess exoskeletons
    • Many have compound eyes and five pairs of appendages

    Arthropods - Centipedes

    • Each segment has one pair of walking legs
    • Prey on small crustaceans, insects, and worms

    Arthropods - Millipedes

    • Each four thoracic segments have one pair of legs
    • Each abdominal segment has two pairs of legs
    • Primarily herbivores

    Arthropods - Insects

    • Body with three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen
    • Three pairs of legs on the thorax, some with one or two pairs of wings
    • Head contains sensory organs and mouthparts
    • Abdomen contains most internal organs
    • Many undergo complete metamorphosis

    Arthropods - Chelicerates

    • Examples include spiders, sea spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites, horseshoe crabs
    • Terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments
    • 35,000 species of spiders

    • 1,500 species of scorpions

    • Have appendages attached to the cephalothorax
    • First pair (chelicerae) for feeding and defense
    • Second pair (pedipalps) for feeding or sensory functions
    • Four pairs of walking legs

    Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

    • Consist of sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
    • Bottom-dwelling marine animals, exhibiting radial symmetry
    • Possess an endoskeleton composed of calcium-rich plates with spines
    • Have a central nerve ring with branches

    Water vascular system

    • Used for locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception

    Chordates (Phylum Chordata)

    • Bilateral symmetry
    • Deuterostome animals
    • The first opening formed during embryonic development becomes the anus
    • Subphylum Cephalochordata (non-vertebrates)
    • Subphylum Urochordata (non-vertebrates)
    • Subphylum Vertebrata
    • Most chordates are vertebrates (possessing a vertebral column)

    Vertebrates (1)

    • Possess internal skeletons (bone or cartilage), and muscles attached allowing for greater freedom of movement and larger size compared to invertebrate animals
    • Characteristics include notochord, a dorsal supporting rod below the nerve cord (replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates), a dorsal tubular nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches (important for respiration in some vertebrate groups).

    Vertebrates (2)

    • Amphibians (Class Amphibia), typically having larvae that live in water. and adults that live on land with limbs, and smooth, nonscaly skin. Often using a mix of lungs and skin for respiration.
    • Reptiles (Class Reptilia), generally have scales, a completely developed hard bony skeleton and well-developed lungs that allow them to live on land.
    • Birds (Class Aves), are endothermic, warm blooded animals, with feathers, modified skeleton, efficient lungs, and an enhanced circulatory and respiratory systems allowing for flight
    • Mammals (Class Mammalia) are endothermic, warm-blooded animals that often have hair or fur. They nourish their young with milk produced by mammary glands.

    Seed Plants

    • Adaptations to terrestrial environments, such as a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
    • Vascular tissues for transport of water and nutrients
    • Seeds for protection and dispersal of embryos and nutritive material for the growing seedling
    • Heterosporous producing both microspores (developing to pollen grains) and megaspores (developing to female gametophyte-embryo sac)

    Flowers and Pollination

    • Flowers often have colorful petals and produce scents to attract pollinators
    • Wind pollination is common in some species, whereas others rely on insects, birds, or bats.
    • Pollination, the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, leads to fertilization and the development of seeds.

    Biodiversity

    • The variety of life
    • Richness and complexity of a biological community
    • Includes genetic, species, and ecological diversity
    • Valuable for direct economic use (foods), genetic resources (medicine), and ecological stability.

    Threats to Biodiversity

    • Human activities (habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation), invasive species, and climate change are major threats.

    Conservation and Restoration

    • Ecological restoration aims to return degraded ecosystems or habitats to a more similar state to their pre-degradation condition.
    • Protection of biodiversity involves ecological restoration, rehabilitation, and creation of artificial ecosystems.

    Marine Ecosystems

    • Marine ecosystems are diverse and include a wide range of habitats and species
    • Major threats to marine ecosystems include overfishing and coastal developments
    • Case study of marine parks and marine reserves in Hong Kong provides information about conservation.
    • Artificial reefs have been used to enhance habitats and biodiversity in areas with limited natural features.

    Water and its importance

    • Important to life on Earth, covering about 71% of the Earth's surface
    • A crucial component of many life processes
    • It plays a significant role in regulating Earth's temperature and climate
    • It dissolves many important substances, and is vital for numerous biochemical processes essential for life.

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