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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of mammals?
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of mammals?
What type of reproduction is typical for monotremes?
What type of reproduction is typical for monotremes?
How do marsupial offspring typically develop after birth?
How do marsupial offspring typically develop after birth?
What is the primary function of the placenta in placental mammals?
What is the primary function of the placenta in placental mammals?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with mammals?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with mammals?
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What type of circulatory system do mammals possess?
What type of circulatory system do mammals possess?
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Which adaptation is crucial for mammals to conserve water in their habitats?
Which adaptation is crucial for mammals to conserve water in their habitats?
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What is the primary way in which angiosperms have succeeded in their environments?
What is the primary way in which angiosperms have succeeded in their environments?
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Which plant group is characterized by having gametophytes that are dependent on sporophytes?
Which plant group is characterized by having gametophytes that are dependent on sporophytes?
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What is a key feature of vascular plants that facilitates the transport of water and nutrients?
What is a key feature of vascular plants that facilitates the transport of water and nutrients?
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What is the primary method of reproduction for amphibians?
What is the primary method of reproduction for amphibians?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of reptiles?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of reptiles?
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How do reptiles efficiently regulate respiration?
How do reptiles efficiently regulate respiration?
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What type of egg adaptation is characteristic of reptiles?
What type of egg adaptation is characteristic of reptiles?
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What stage do amphibians typically experience in their life cycle?
What stage do amphibians typically experience in their life cycle?
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Which of the following best describes the skin of amphibians?
Which of the following best describes the skin of amphibians?
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Which feature is NOT associated with amphibian hearts?
Which feature is NOT associated with amphibian hearts?
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What adaptation helps reptiles conserve water?
What adaptation helps reptiles conserve water?
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What type of circulatory pathway do amphibians have?
What type of circulatory pathway do amphibians have?
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Which group belongs under the classification of amphibians?
Which group belongs under the classification of amphibians?
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Which is a primary example of ectothermic animals?
Which is a primary example of ectothermic animals?
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What structure in bony fishes helps regulate buoyancy?
What structure in bony fishes helps regulate buoyancy?
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What is a common characteristic of amphibians during winter?
What is a common characteristic of amphibians during winter?
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How are amphibians' limbs adapted for their life cycle?
How are amphibians' limbs adapted for their life cycle?
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What feature distinguishes amphibians from reptiles during their life cycle?
What feature distinguishes amphibians from reptiles during their life cycle?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of reptiles?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of reptiles?
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Which adaptation in reptiles helps them thrive in dry environments?
Which adaptation in reptiles helps them thrive in dry environments?
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What is the primary function of the amnion in amniotic eggs?
What is the primary function of the amnion in amniotic eggs?
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How do amphibians typically reproduce?
How do amphibians typically reproduce?
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Which of the following statements about amphibian life cycles is false?
Which of the following statements about amphibian life cycles is false?
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What is one reason reptiles are more suited to terrestrial life than amphibians?
What is one reason reptiles are more suited to terrestrial life than amphibians?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of amphibians?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of amphibians?
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What is a physiological feature of reptiles that aids in their adaptation to land?
What is a physiological feature of reptiles that aids in their adaptation to land?
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Which stage is NOT involved in the life cycle of amphibians?
Which stage is NOT involved in the life cycle of amphibians?
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What best describes the skin of reptiles?
What best describes the skin of reptiles?
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Which of the following statements about amphibians is true?
Which of the following statements about amphibians is true?
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The primary benefit of the amniotic egg is that it allows for what?
The primary benefit of the amniotic egg is that it allows for what?
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Flashcards
Mammal Characteristics
Mammal Characteristics
Mammals are vertebrates with hair, mammary glands (milk-producing), and a highly developed skeleton and nervous system.
Monotremes
Monotremes
A group of mammals that lay eggs, have a single urogenital opening, and include the duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters.
Marsupials
Marsupials
Mammals with pouches where their young develop after birth. Found primarily in Australia.
Placental Mammals
Placental Mammals
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Placenta
Placenta
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Internal Development (Mammals)
Internal Development (Mammals)
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Angiosperms
Angiosperms
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Bryophytes
Bryophytes
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Vascular Plants
Vascular Plants
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Seed Plants
Seed Plants
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Sea Squirts
Sea Squirts
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Urochordates
Urochordates
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Vertebrates
Vertebrates
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Vertebral column
Vertebral column
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Endoskeleton
Endoskeleton
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Jawless Fishes
Jawless Fishes
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Hagfish
Hagfish
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Lampreys
Lampreys
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Jawed Fishes
Jawed Fishes
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Cartilaginous Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
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Bony Fishes
Bony Fishes
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Swim bladder
Swim bladder
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Amphibians
Amphibians
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Amphibian Skin
Amphibian Skin
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Ectothermic
Ectothermic
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Reptiles
Reptiles
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Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
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Visceral Mass
Visceral Mass
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Mantle
Mantle
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Radula
Radula
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Bivalves (Class Bivalvia)
Bivalves (Class Bivalvia)
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Filter Feeder
Filter Feeder
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Gastropods (Class Gastropoda)
Gastropods (Class Gastropoda)
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Cephalopods (Class Cephalopoda)
Cephalopods (Class Cephalopoda)
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Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
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Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
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Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
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Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis
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Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
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Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
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Study Notes
Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
- Vary in size, inhabiting marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
- Include herbivores, carnivores, and filter feeders, as well as parasites
- Approximately 100,000 species
- Three main parts: visceral mass (containing internal organs), mantle (covering visceral mass, may secrete calcium carbonate and help develop gills or lungs), and foot (for locomotion, attachment, and food capture)
- Possess a radula for grazing and other feeding methods
- Well-developed nervous system
Molluscs - Bivalves (Class Bivalvia)
- Examples include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
- Two parts to the shell, closed by adductor muscles
- Lack a head and radula, with minimal cephalization
- Tentacles on the mantle
- Usually burrow in sandy or muddy soil
- Filter feeders, capturing food particles suspended in water
- Water is drawn in through an inlet siphon, carrying with it suspended particles.
- Particles are trapped in mucus and passed over gills.
- Filtered water is expelled through the outlet siphon.
Molluscs - Gastropods (Class Gastropoda)
- Examples include slugs, snails, abalones, whelks, conchs, limpets, and sea slugs
- Largest class of molluscs
- Many have a single, coiled shell (though not all)
- Well-developed head region
Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
- Examples include earthworms, marine worms, and leeches
- Segmented worms, mostly marine
- Well-developed coelom (fluid-filled body cavity) - acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing independent movement of each body segment
- Can burrow in mud and crawl
Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
- Possess rigid and jointed exoskeletons composed of chitin
- Must molt to grow
- Segmented bodies with paired appendages for various functions including feeding, reproduction, and locomotion.
- Include a well-developed central nervous system, often with brains and ventral nerve cords.
- Employ diverse respiratory systems, including gills, book lungs, and tracheae.
- Many undergo metamorphosis, with distinct larval and adult stages.
Arthropods - Crustaceans
- Examples include shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, crabs, barnacles, and krill
- Majority live in marine and aquatic environments
- Possess exoskeletons
- Many have compound eyes and five pairs of appendages
Arthropods - Centipedes
- Each segment has one pair of walking legs
- Prey on small crustaceans, insects, and worms
Arthropods - Millipedes
- Each four thoracic segments have one pair of legs
- Each abdominal segment has two pairs of legs
- Primarily herbivores
Arthropods - Insects
- Body with three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen
- Three pairs of legs on the thorax, some with one or two pairs of wings
- Head contains sensory organs and mouthparts
- Abdomen contains most internal organs
- Many undergo complete metamorphosis
Arthropods - Chelicerates
- Examples include spiders, sea spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites, horseshoe crabs
- Terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments
-
35,000 species of spiders
-
1,500 species of scorpions
- Have appendages attached to the cephalothorax
- First pair (chelicerae) for feeding and defense
- Second pair (pedipalps) for feeding or sensory functions
- Four pairs of walking legs
Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
- Consist of sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
- Bottom-dwelling marine animals, exhibiting radial symmetry
- Possess an endoskeleton composed of calcium-rich plates with spines
- Have a central nerve ring with branches
Water vascular system
- Used for locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception
Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
- Bilateral symmetry
- Deuterostome animals
- The first opening formed during embryonic development becomes the anus
- Subphylum Cephalochordata (non-vertebrates)
- Subphylum Urochordata (non-vertebrates)
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Most chordates are vertebrates (possessing a vertebral column)
Vertebrates (1)
- Possess internal skeletons (bone or cartilage), and muscles attached allowing for greater freedom of movement and larger size compared to invertebrate animals
- Characteristics include notochord, a dorsal supporting rod below the nerve cord (replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates), a dorsal tubular nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches (important for respiration in some vertebrate groups).
Vertebrates (2)
- Amphibians (Class Amphibia), typically having larvae that live in water. and adults that live on land with limbs, and smooth, nonscaly skin. Often using a mix of lungs and skin for respiration.
- Reptiles (Class Reptilia), generally have scales, a completely developed hard bony skeleton and well-developed lungs that allow them to live on land.
- Birds (Class Aves), are endothermic, warm blooded animals, with feathers, modified skeleton, efficient lungs, and an enhanced circulatory and respiratory systems allowing for flight
- Mammals (Class Mammalia) are endothermic, warm-blooded animals that often have hair or fur. They nourish their young with milk produced by mammary glands.
Seed Plants
- Adaptations to terrestrial environments, such as a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
- Vascular tissues for transport of water and nutrients
- Seeds for protection and dispersal of embryos and nutritive material for the growing seedling
- Heterosporous producing both microspores (developing to pollen grains) and megaspores (developing to female gametophyte-embryo sac)
Flowers and Pollination
- Flowers often have colorful petals and produce scents to attract pollinators
- Wind pollination is common in some species, whereas others rely on insects, birds, or bats.
- Pollination, the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, leads to fertilization and the development of seeds.
Biodiversity
- The variety of life
- Richness and complexity of a biological community
- Includes genetic, species, and ecological diversity
- Valuable for direct economic use (foods), genetic resources (medicine), and ecological stability.
Threats to Biodiversity
- Human activities (habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation), invasive species, and climate change are major threats.
Conservation and Restoration
- Ecological restoration aims to return degraded ecosystems or habitats to a more similar state to their pre-degradation condition.
- Protection of biodiversity involves ecological restoration, rehabilitation, and creation of artificial ecosystems.
Marine Ecosystems
- Marine ecosystems are diverse and include a wide range of habitats and species
- Major threats to marine ecosystems include overfishing and coastal developments
- Case study of marine parks and marine reserves in Hong Kong provides information about conservation.
- Artificial reefs have been used to enhance habitats and biodiversity in areas with limited natural features.
Water and its importance
- Important to life on Earth, covering about 71% of the Earth's surface
- A crucial component of many life processes
- It plays a significant role in regulating Earth's temperature and climate
- It dissolves many important substances, and is vital for numerous biochemical processes essential for life.
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