40 Questions
What does molarity measure?
Amount of a substance dissolved in a solution
In a solution, which component is the solute?
The substance that is dissolved
What is the unit of measurement for solute concentration?
Moles of solute per liter of solution
Why do chemists use molar units when working with chemical reactions?
To standardize the basis for quantifying the number of particles in a reaction
What does Avogadro's number represent?
The number of atoms in a mole
What happens to the dissolution rate of gases when the pressure is increased?
Increases
Which of the following substances is considered an electrolyte?
Sodium chloride
What distinguishes strong electrolytes from weak electrolytes?
Strong electrolytes completely dissociate into ions
In which type of solution does the solute amount fall below the solubility curve?
Unsaturated solution
What factor can influence the ease of the dissolution of a solute into a solvent?
Particle size
What is the percent yield formula?
Actual yield / Theoretical yield
How is the empirical formula of a compound determined using percent composition?
By calculating the ratio of moles of individual elements
What is an anhydrate?
A hydrate where water has been removed.
Why does dissolution only occur when the solvent and solute have similar polarities?
"Like dissolves like" principle.
How does an increase in temperature affect the rate of dissolution?
It increases the rate of dissolution due to higher kinetic energy.
What type of compounds are salts composed of?
Ionic compounds
How is molarity (M) defined?
Moles of solute per liters of solution
Which property describes the tendency of solvent molecules to escape into the gas phase in a solution?
Vapor pressure
What is the purpose of a salt solubility table in predicting reactions?
To predict if a precipitate will form when two solutions are mixed
How is molality (m) expressed?
Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
What are the four variables needed to define the physical state of a gas?
Temperature, pressure, volume, moles
At standard temperature and pressure (STP), how many liters does one mole of any gas occupy?
22.4 liters
What determines the amount of excess reactant that will be consumed in a chemical reaction?
The limiting reactant
How can you determine the product generated in a chemical reaction?
By equating the moles of the limiting reactant and product
What does the molar mass represent in chemistry?
The grams of the atom per one mole of that atom
What is the key component of an Arrhenius acid when dissolved in water?
Hydronium ions
Which of the following is a property of Arrhenius bases?
Feels slippery to the touch
What must be present for a substance to be classified as an Arrhenius acid?
Hydrogen ions
In a decomposition reaction involving a binary compound, what are the expected products?
Elements in the reactant
What does a saturated solution contain?
Maximum concentration of solute
According to Lewis, an acid is a substance that _______________.
accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond
Which scientist's definition of acids and bases does not account for substances that do not contain hydrogen?
Bronsted and Lowry
What is the main limitation of the first scientist's definition of acids in the text?
It requires the substance to be dissolved in water
According to Bronsted and Lowry, what characterizes an acid?
Donates a proton
What type of substances do Bronsted and Lowry's definitions not consider?
Substances without hydrogen
What makes Lewis' definition unique compared to the other definitions mentioned?
Accounts for substances without hydrogen
Which scientist's definition allows for a broader range of substances to be classified as acids?
Lewis
What is a key limitation of Bronsted and Lowry's definitions of acids and bases?
Doesn't consider substances without hydrogen
What distinguishes Lewis' definition from the other scientists' definitions?
Includes substances without hydrogen
What aspect of defining acids does Lewis focus on compared to Bronsted and Lowry?
The role of electrons in forming covalent bonds
Learn about saturated solutions in chemistry where the dissolved substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its undissolved form. Understand how the maximum possible concentration of a solute is determined by its solubility.
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