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A system is in an equilibrium state if changes can occur without the aid of an external means.
A system is in an equilibrium state if changes can occur without the aid of an external means.
False
The series of states a system passes during a process is called the path of the process.
The series of states a system passes during a process is called the path of the process.
True
For a cycle, the initial and final states must be different.
For a cycle, the initial and final states must be different.
False
The net change in a property is always zero for any cycle.
The net change in a property is always zero for any cycle.
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Working substance is the substance that does not undergo any thermodynamic processes.
Working substance is the substance that does not undergo any thermodynamic processes.
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In a solid, molecules are arranged in a random pattern due to large distances between them.
In a solid, molecules are arranged in a random pattern due to large distances between them.
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At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.978℃.
At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.978℃.
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A compressed liquid state occurs when T is greater than Tsat.
A compressed liquid state occurs when T is greater than Tsat.
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As temperature rises in a compressed liquid state, the specific volume of the liquid decreases.
As temperature rises in a compressed liquid state, the specific volume of the liquid decreases.
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The pressure in the cylinder remains constant during the compressed liquid state at 1 atm.
The pressure in the cylinder remains constant during the compressed liquid state at 1 atm.
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The saturated temperature (Tsat) at 1 atm is 100°C for water.
The saturated temperature (Tsat) at 1 atm is 100°C for water.
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At the Saturated Liquid point, water has completely vaporized into steam.
At the Saturated Liquid point, water has completely vaporized into steam.
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A saturated liquid is about to vaporize.
A saturated liquid is about to vaporize.
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During the boiling process, the temperature will rise continuously until the liquid is completely vaporized.
During the boiling process, the temperature will rise continuously until the liquid is completely vaporized.
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At state (3), a saturated liquid-vapor mixture exists in equilibrium.
At state (3), a saturated liquid-vapor mixture exists in equilibrium.
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Midway about the vaporization line, the cylinder contains only vapor.
Midway about the vaporization line, the cylinder contains only vapor.
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At state (4), heat loss from the vapor will cause some of the vapor to condense.
At state (4), heat loss from the vapor will cause some of the vapor to condense.
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A saturated vapor has some liquid present.
A saturated vapor has some liquid present.
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The quality (x) of a system consisting of saturated liquid is 1.
The quality (x) of a system consisting of saturated liquid is 1.
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In a vaporization process, a substance exists as a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
In a vaporization process, a substance exists as a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
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The quality (x) for saturated mixtures can have a value greater than 1.
The quality (x) for saturated mixtures can have a value greater than 1.
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The quality (x) is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture.
The quality (x) is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture.
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The amount of energy transferred is calculated by 𝒎𝒎𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = $0.2 imes 222222$.
The amount of energy transferred is calculated by 𝒎𝒎𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = $0.2 imes 222222$.
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The quality of a system consisting of saturated vapor is 1 (or 100 percent).
The quality of a system consisting of saturated vapor is 1 (or 100 percent).
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Superheated vapor tables list properties against temperature for selected pressures, starting with saturated vapor data.
Superheated vapor tables list properties against temperature for selected pressures, starting with saturated vapor data.
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Superheated vapor is characterized by its lower pressure compared to the saturated pressure at a given temperature.
Superheated vapor is characterized by its lower pressure compared to the saturated pressure at a given temperature.
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If specific volume (v) is given with pressure or temperature, it indicates that v is lower than the specific volume of saturated vapor.
If specific volume (v) is given with pressure or temperature, it indicates that v is lower than the specific volume of saturated vapor.
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Superheated vapor tables provide properties against pressure for selected temperatures, starting with the saturated vapor data.
Superheated vapor tables provide properties against pressure for selected temperatures, starting with the saturated vapor data.
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The state being located in the superheated region means all properties will be calculated from superheated tables if the given pressure is lower than the saturated pressure at the provided temperature.
The state being located in the superheated region means all properties will be calculated from superheated tables if the given pressure is lower than the saturated pressure at the provided temperature.
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Saturated vapor is characterized by having a higher pressure compared to superheated vapor at a given temperature.
Saturated vapor is characterized by having a higher pressure compared to superheated vapor at a given temperature.
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Study Notes
Equilibrium and Processes
- A system is in equilibrium if changes occur without external assistance.
- The series of states a system undergoes during a process is referred to as the path of the process.
- For a cycle, the initial and final states must differ; the net change in a property during any cycle is zero.
Thermodynamic States
- A working substance does not experience any thermodynamic processes.
- In a solid state, molecules exhibit random arrangement due to large inter-molecular distances.
- At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, the saturated temperature (Tsat) is 99.978°C.
Compressed Liquid State
- A compressed liquid state occurs when the temperature (T) is greater than Tsat.
- In the compressed liquid state, as temperature increases, the specific volume of the liquid decreases.
- Pressure remains constant at 1 atm during the compressed liquid state.
Saturated Conditions
- At 1 atm, the saturated temperature for water is 100°C.
- The saturated liquid point indicates that water has fully vaporized into steam; a saturated liquid is on the verge of vaporization.
- Boiling continues as temperature rises until all liquid is vaporized.
Liquid-Vapor Mixtures
- At state (3), a saturated liquid-vapor mixture is in equilibrium.
- A cylinder containing only vapor exists midway along the vaporization line.
- At state (4), heat loss from the vapor leads to some condensation, indicating the presence of saturated vapor with residual liquid.
Quality of Mixtures
- Quality (x) of a saturated liquid is defined as 1 (100% vapor).
- In a vaporization process, the substance can be a mix of saturated liquid and vapor.
- Quality can exceed 1 for saturated mixtures and is the ratio of vapor mass to total mixture mass.
- Energy transfer is expressed as: 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = $0.2 \times 222222$.
Superheated Vapor
- A system with saturated vapor has a quality (x) of 1 (or 100%).
- Superheated vapor tables display properties based on temperature for specific pressures, beginning with the saturated vapor data.
- Distinctive of superheated vapor is its lower pressure compared to saturated vapor at a specific temperature.
- If specific volume (v) is provided alongside pressure or temperature, it signifies a volume lower than that of saturated vapor.
- Properties in the superheated region are determined using superheated vapor tables when given pressure is lower than the saturated pressure at the corresponding temperature.
- Saturated vapor is noted for having higher pressure compared to superheated vapor at the same temperature.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics of saturated liquid and saturated vapor states, as well as the phase-change process from liquid to vapor. Explore the concepts related to heat addition causing vaporization and the temperature behavior during boiling.
