Sanitary Era: Disease Prevention and Miasmic Epidemiology

What does the term 'epidemiology' mean?

According to the objectives, what is one of the core functions of epidemiology?

What is the historical era of epidemiology that primarily focused on studying long-term health conditions?

In epidemiology, what does 'demographics' refer to?

What is one of the goals of epidemiology?

What is a key activity in epidemiology that involves monitoring disease occurrence in a population?

During which era was the theory of 'germs' first advocated?

What was the primary belief in disease transmission during the Miasmic Epidemiology Era?

What key sanitary measures were advocated during the Sanitary Era?

What was a significant realization during the Infectious Era?

Which era saw the birth of public health nursing?

How did the focus of medicine and nursing shift during the Infectious Era?

What is the primary goal of determining causes and sources of diseases?

What is the role of epidemiologists in studying a disease outbreak?

How does epidemiological information contribute to personal decisions?

What is the significance of understanding the clinical picture and natural history of a disease?

According to the miasmic theory, how was disease believed to be transmitted?

In epidemiology, what does prevalence refer to?

What was the focus of epidemiology originally when it started?

Who is known for identifying the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings?

Which era of epidemiology expanded the focus beyond communicable diseases to include other health issues?

Who is credited with developing the Germ theory of disease?

What did Professor H Booth suggest could cause obesity in individuals according to the text?

What is the purpose of surveillance in epidemiology?

Which of the following is a core function of epidemiology related to surveillance?

What is the main objective of field investigations in public health?

Who usually submits morbidity and mortality reports for surveillance data?

Which of the following is NOT a step in a surveillance system?

What type of data does surveillance aim to depict?

What aspect of a population does descriptive epidemiology primarily examine?

Which factor is NOT typically considered in the analysis of descriptive epidemiology?

In analytic epidemiology, what is the main focus of investigation?

What is a critical difference between descriptive and analytic epidemiology?

Which of the following is NOT a factor commonly studied in descriptive epidemiology?

What concept was developed during the chronic disease era to explain the interconnection of factors promoting and protecting against disease?

During which historical era of epidemiology did the focus shift to studying chronic diseases due to the decline in infectious diseases post-World War II?

Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of epidemiology as mentioned in the text?

What were the two main types of epidemiology mentioned in the text?

What key purpose does epidemiology serve according to the text?

What was a significant shift in focus during the chronic disease era compared to previous eras of epidemiology?

What is the hallmark of analytic studies?

Which term best describes the ability of a program to produce intended results with minimum expenditure of time and resources?

What is the primary purpose of evaluating a program's impact?

In field epidemiology, why do epidemiologists rarely work in isolation?

What is the key focus of formative evaluation in program evaluation?

Why are analytic studies sometimes necessary in epidemiology?

Which term refers to the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in a host?

What does pathogenic refer to in the context of epidemiology?

Which term describes the pattern of response by a living organism to invasion by a foreign substance or injury?

What does the term 'determinant' refer to in epidemiology?

Which term specifically relates to the population under study rather than the disease itself?

In epidemiology, what does 'frequency' specifically refer to?

What term refers to the time interval between entry of a disease agent into the body and the initial manifestation of the disease?

Which term describes the proportion of exposed persons who become infected?

What term refers to a disease or infection naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and human beings?

Which term describes cases of a disease occurring irregularly and infrequently?

What term refers to an epidemic that spreads across many countries or the entire world?

Who is a person who harbours a disease agent, is asymptomatic, but can transmit the disease to others?

What was the focus of the Sanitary era in epidemiology?

During which era of epidemiology was the 'miasmic' theory prevalent?

What was a common belief during the Infectious Era in epidemiology?

Which theory did the 'miasmic' paradigm promote regarding disease transmission?

What led to the shift in focus to studying chronic diseases during the Infectious Era of epidemiology?

What did the early to middle 19th Century focus on in terms of epidemiological beliefs?

What does epidemiology primarily focus on studying?

According to Last (1988), what is considered the basic science of public health?

During which era did epidemiology shift its focus from primarily communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases?

What distinguishes clinicians' focus from that of epidemiologists in public health?

What is the main goal of descriptive epidemiology?

Which term specifically relates to the comparison of different groups in epidemiology?

In epidemiology, what is the primary purpose of ongoing surveillance?

What is the main objective of a public health department when conducting field investigations in epidemiology?

What type of data is usually submitted by healthcare providers, infection control practitioners, and laboratories for surveillance purposes?

What is the primary function of surveillance data in epidemiology?

Why does public health department often require a coordinated effort of several persons during field investigations?

What is the key purpose of ongoing surveillance in epidemiology according to the text?

What term is used to describe the extent to which persons within a population who do not have a disease develop the disease during a specific time period?

Which term refers to the number of persons within a population with a specific disease at a given point in time?

What does the term 'Reservoir' refer to in epidemiology?

What is meant by the term 'Vector' in epidemiology?

What is the study of births, deaths, and migration, and how they influence population changes called?

What did the chronic disease era introduce to explain the interconnection of factors promoting and protecting against disease?

Which historical event led to the decline in infectious diseases post-World War II, prompting a shift towards studying chronic diseases?

What was the primary focus of epidemiologists during the Infectious Era?

What is one of the main purposes of epidemiology?

What theory suggested a complex interconnection of various proximate and remote factors that promote and protect against disease?

What led to a significant emphasis shift towards studying chronic diseases during the chronic disease era?