Sanitary Era: Disease Prevention and Miasmic Epidemiology

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What does the term 'epidemiology' mean?

Study of people and their skin

Study of population health and disease patterns (correct)

Study of social interactions in a community

Study of infectious diseases only

According to the objectives, what is one of the core functions of epidemiology?

Financial forecasting

Marketing analysis

Policy development (correct)

Product design

What is the historical era of epidemiology that primarily focused on studying long-term health conditions?

Chronic era (correct)

Infectious era

Sanitary era

Industrial era

In epidemiology, what does 'demographics' refer to?

Study of population characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of epidemiology?

Improving population health Signup and view all the answers

What is a key activity in epidemiology that involves monitoring disease occurrence in a population?

Field investigations Signup and view all the answers

During which era was the theory of 'germs' first advocated?

Infectious Era Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary belief in disease transmission during the Miasmic Epidemiology Era?

Via contaminated water supply Signup and view all the answers

What key sanitary measures were advocated during the Sanitary Era?

Limitation of waste and contaminated water supply Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant realization during the Infectious Era?

Many diseases were caused through infection Signup and view all the answers

Which era saw the birth of public health nursing?

Infectious Era Signup and view all the answers

How did the focus of medicine and nursing shift during the Infectious Era?

To put strict emphasis on single causative agents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of determining causes and sources of diseases?

To prevent, control, and eliminate causes of disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of epidemiologists in studying a disease outbreak?

Dependent on clinical physicians and lab scientists for proper diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

How does epidemiological information contribute to personal decisions?

By influencing daily choices based on available health services Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the clinical picture and natural history of a disease?

To guide prevention and control strategies Signup and view all the answers

According to the miasmic theory, how was disease believed to be transmitted?

Through the air, soil, and other elements Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what does prevalence refer to?

The proportion of individuals with a particular disease at a specific point in time Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of epidemiology originally when it started?

Communicable diseases Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for identifying the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings?

Ignaz Semmelweis Signup and view all the answers

Which era of epidemiology expanded the focus beyond communicable diseases to include other health issues?

Chronic era Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the Germ theory of disease?

Louis Pasteur Signup and view all the answers

What did Professor H Booth suggest could cause obesity in individuals according to the text?

Inhaling food odors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surveillance in epidemiology?

To guide public health decision-making Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core function of epidemiology related to surveillance?

Analytic studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of field investigations in public health?

To characterize the extent of an outbreak and identify its cause Signup and view all the answers

Who usually submits morbidity and mortality reports for surveillance data?

Healthcare providers, infection control practitioners, laboratories Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in a surveillance system?

Conducting field investigations Signup and view all the answers

What type of data does surveillance aim to depict?

Past patterns of disease occurrence Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a population does descriptive epidemiology primarily examine?

Age, gender, ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered in the analysis of descriptive epidemiology?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

In analytic epidemiology, what is the main focus of investigation?

Relationship between exposure and disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical difference between descriptive and analytic epidemiology?

Descriptive epidemiology considers the 'who, where, when', while analytic epidemiology looks at the 'how'. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor commonly studied in descriptive epidemiology?

Physiological cycles Signup and view all the answers

What concept was developed during the chronic disease era to explain the interconnection of factors promoting and protecting against disease?

Web of causation Signup and view all the answers

During which historical era of epidemiology did the focus shift to studying chronic diseases due to the decline in infectious diseases post-World War II?

Chronic Era Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of epidemiology as mentioned in the text?

Develop treatment plans for diagnosed diseases Signup and view all the answers

What were the two main types of epidemiology mentioned in the text?

Descriptive and Analytic Signup and view all the answers

What key purpose does epidemiology serve according to the text?

Understanding the natural history of diseases Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant shift in focus during the chronic disease era compared to previous eras of epidemiology?

Introduction of a web of causation theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of analytic studies?

Incorporating a valid comparison group Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the ability of a program to produce intended results with minimum expenditure of time and resources?

Efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of evaluating a program's impact?

Measuring the intended or expected outcomes Signup and view all the answers

In field epidemiology, why do epidemiologists rarely work in isolation?

To facilitate multidisciplinary collaboration Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of formative evaluation in program evaluation?

Evaluating plans and strategies Signup and view all the answers

Why are analytic studies sometimes necessary in epidemiology?

To evaluate hypotheses' validity Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in a host?

Pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What does pathogenic refer to in the context of epidemiology?

Organism capable of producing disease Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the pattern of response by a living organism to invasion by a foreign substance or injury?

Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'determinant' refer to in epidemiology?

Causes and risk factors that influence health event occurrence Signup and view all the answers

Which term specifically relates to the population under study rather than the disease itself?

Population Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what does 'frequency' specifically refer to?

Number of health events in a population Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the time interval between entry of a disease agent into the body and the initial manifestation of the disease?

Incubation period Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the proportion of exposed persons who become infected?

Infectivity Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a disease or infection naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and human beings?

Zoonosis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes cases of a disease occurring irregularly and infrequently?

Sporadic Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to an epidemic that spreads across many countries or the entire world?

Pandemic Signup and view all the answers

Who is a person who harbours a disease agent, is asymptomatic, but can transmit the disease to others?

Carrier Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the Sanitary era in epidemiology?

Advocating for clean water and waste sanitation Signup and view all the answers

During which era of epidemiology was the 'miasmic' theory prevalent?

Sanitary era Signup and view all the answers

What was a common belief during the Infectious Era in epidemiology?

Disease transmission was due to 'germs' Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did the 'miasmic' paradigm promote regarding disease transmission?

Airborne transmission Signup and view all the answers

What led to the shift in focus to studying chronic diseases during the Infectious Era of epidemiology?

Decrease in infectious diseases post-World War II Signup and view all the answers

What did the early to middle 19th Century focus on in terms of epidemiological beliefs?

'Miasmic' theory suggesting transmission through air and elements Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiology primarily focus on studying?

Exposure and spread prevention in communities Signup and view all the answers

According to Last (1988), what is considered the basic science of public health?

Epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

During which era did epidemiology shift its focus from primarily communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases?

Chronic Disease Era Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes clinicians' focus from that of epidemiologists in public health?

Prevention of disease spread Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of descriptive epidemiology?

Examining frequency and patterns of health events Signup and view all the answers

Which term specifically relates to the comparison of different groups in epidemiology?

Analytic epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what is the primary purpose of ongoing surveillance?

To monitor disease occurrence patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of a public health department when conducting field investigations in epidemiology?

To characterize the extent of an outbreak and identify its cause Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is usually submitted by healthcare providers, infection control practitioners, and laboratories for surveillance purposes?

Disease registers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surveillance data in epidemiology?

To provide information for action Signup and view all the answers

Why does public health department often require a coordinated effort of several persons during field investigations?

To characterize the extent of an outbreak and its cause Signup and view all the answers

What is the key purpose of ongoing surveillance in epidemiology according to the text?

To monitor patterns of disease occurrence Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the extent to which persons within a population who do not have a disease develop the disease during a specific time period?

Incidence Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the number of persons within a population with a specific disease at a given point in time?

Prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Reservoir' refer to in epidemiology?

Habitat where an infectious agent lives and multiplies Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'Vector' in epidemiology?

Arthropod transferring infectious agents between individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of births, deaths, and migration, and how they influence population changes called?

Demography Signup and view all the answers

What did the chronic disease era introduce to explain the interconnection of factors promoting and protecting against disease?

Theory of web of causation Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event led to the decline in infectious diseases post-World War II, prompting a shift towards studying chronic diseases?

World War II Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of epidemiologists during the Infectious Era?

Infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of epidemiology?

Determining causes of diseases Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggested a complex interconnection of various proximate and remote factors that promote and protect against disease?

Theory of web of causation Signup and view all the answers

What led to a significant emphasis shift towards studying chronic diseases during the chronic disease era?

Decline in infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

Sanitary Era: Disease Prevention and Miasmic Epidemiology

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'epidemiology' mean?

According to the objectives, what is one of the core functions of epidemiology?

What is the historical era of epidemiology that primarily focused on studying long-term health conditions?

In epidemiology, what does 'demographics' refer to?

What is one of the goals of epidemiology?

What is a key activity in epidemiology that involves monitoring disease occurrence in a population?

During which era was the theory of 'germs' first advocated?

What was the primary belief in disease transmission during the Miasmic Epidemiology Era?

What key sanitary measures were advocated during the Sanitary Era?

What was a significant realization during the Infectious Era?

Which era saw the birth of public health nursing?

How did the focus of medicine and nursing shift during the Infectious Era?

What is the primary goal of determining causes and sources of diseases?

What is the role of epidemiologists in studying a disease outbreak?

How does epidemiological information contribute to personal decisions?

What is the significance of understanding the clinical picture and natural history of a disease?

According to the miasmic theory, how was disease believed to be transmitted?

In epidemiology, what does prevalence refer to?

What was the focus of epidemiology originally when it started?

Who is known for identifying the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings?

Which era of epidemiology expanded the focus beyond communicable diseases to include other health issues?

Who is credited with developing the Germ theory of disease?

What did Professor H Booth suggest could cause obesity in individuals according to the text?

What is the purpose of surveillance in epidemiology?

Which of the following is a core function of epidemiology related to surveillance?

What is the main objective of field investigations in public health?

Who usually submits morbidity and mortality reports for surveillance data?

Which of the following is NOT a step in a surveillance system?

What type of data does surveillance aim to depict?

What aspect of a population does descriptive epidemiology primarily examine?

Which factor is NOT typically considered in the analysis of descriptive epidemiology?

In analytic epidemiology, what is the main focus of investigation?

What is a critical difference between descriptive and analytic epidemiology?

Which of the following is NOT a factor commonly studied in descriptive epidemiology?

What concept was developed during the chronic disease era to explain the interconnection of factors promoting and protecting against disease?

During which historical era of epidemiology did the focus shift to studying chronic diseases due to the decline in infectious diseases post-World War II?

Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of epidemiology as mentioned in the text?

What were the two main types of epidemiology mentioned in the text?

What key purpose does epidemiology serve according to the text?

What was a significant shift in focus during the chronic disease era compared to previous eras of epidemiology?

What is the hallmark of analytic studies?

Which term best describes the ability of a program to produce intended results with minimum expenditure of time and resources?

What is the primary purpose of evaluating a program's impact?

In field epidemiology, why do epidemiologists rarely work in isolation?

What is the key focus of formative evaluation in program evaluation?

Why are analytic studies sometimes necessary in epidemiology?

Which term refers to the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in a host?

What does pathogenic refer to in the context of epidemiology?

Which term describes the pattern of response by a living organism to invasion by a foreign substance or injury?

What does the term 'determinant' refer to in epidemiology?

Which term specifically relates to the population under study rather than the disease itself?

In epidemiology, what does 'frequency' specifically refer to?

What term refers to the time interval between entry of a disease agent into the body and the initial manifestation of the disease?

Which term describes the proportion of exposed persons who become infected?

What term refers to a disease or infection naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and human beings?

Which term describes cases of a disease occurring irregularly and infrequently?

What term refers to an epidemic that spreads across many countries or the entire world?

Who is a person who harbours a disease agent, is asymptomatic, but can transmit the disease to others?

What was the focus of the Sanitary era in epidemiology?

During which era of epidemiology was the 'miasmic' theory prevalent?

What was a common belief during the Infectious Era in epidemiology?

Which theory did the 'miasmic' paradigm promote regarding disease transmission?

What led to the shift in focus to studying chronic diseases during the Infectious Era of epidemiology?

What did the early to middle 19th Century focus on in terms of epidemiological beliefs?

What does epidemiology primarily focus on studying?

According to Last (1988), what is considered the basic science of public health?

During which era did epidemiology shift its focus from primarily communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases?

What distinguishes clinicians' focus from that of epidemiologists in public health?

What is the main goal of descriptive epidemiology?

Which term specifically relates to the comparison of different groups in epidemiology?

In epidemiology, what is the primary purpose of ongoing surveillance?

What is the main objective of a public health department when conducting field investigations in epidemiology?

What type of data is usually submitted by healthcare providers, infection control practitioners, and laboratories for surveillance purposes?

What is the primary function of surveillance data in epidemiology?

Why does public health department often require a coordinated effort of several persons during field investigations?

What is the key purpose of ongoing surveillance in epidemiology according to the text?