Sanctuary Policies in Urban Areas
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary motivation behind the adoption of city sanctuary policies?

City sanctuary policies are primarily adopted as a reaction against exclusionary immigration policies implemented by national governments.

What normative idea often informs city sanctuary policies?

City sanctuary policies are often informed by the idea of urban citizenship, based on presence and residence in a place, rather than a priori political community.

Name three general areas in which city sanctuary policies include undocumented immigrants.

City sanctuary policies often include undocumented immigrants in local public service provision, rights protection, and democratic participation modes.

What two levels of context are said to jointly explain variations in city responses to undocumented immigrants?

<p>Local and supra-local contexts are said to jointly explain variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe policies that support undocumented immigrants?

<p>Terms such as 'sanctuary,' 'solidarity,' 'welcoming,' or 'refuge' are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'firewalls' in the context of city sanctuary policies?

<p>'Firewalls' refer to policies that protect undocumented immigrants from deportation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way how city sanctuary policies are influenced by grassroots activism?

<p>City sanctuary policies are influenced by grassroots activism through both direct service provision and political claim-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the cities that were studied as examples in the text.

<p>The cities studied are San Francisco, Houston, Barcelona, and Milan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a stepparent's relationship with a stepchild differ from that of a biological parent?

<p>The text suggests that a stepparent's relationship might be perceived as free from past burdens, potentially making them a person a stepchild might turn to during times of tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a key limitation when studying unfamiliar situations as a researcher?

<p>A researcher cannot fully comprehend what it's like to be in certain situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one issue that can arise when conducting qualitative research in unfamiliar cultural contexts.

<p>One issue is the importance of language sensitivity and cultural understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides language sensitivity and cultural understanding, what are two other challenges identified when studying unfamiliar cultures?

<p>Two other challenges include asking questions relevant to participants' experiences and the risk of a poor understanding of subtle issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of reflexivity in ensuring the trustworthiness of qualitative research?

<p>Reflexivity helps to ensure trustworthiness by explicitly acknowledging the role of the researcher in the research process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of qualitative research, what is meant by 'researcher reflexivity'?

<p>Researcher reflexivity is a critical reflection on the researcher's position and how it influences the research process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two strategies researchers can use to maintain objectivity and rigor in qualitative research.

<p>Two strategies identified are keeping a diary to document interpretations and reactions, and revising data to identify potential biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides keeping a diary and revising data, what is one other strategy used for maintaining objectivity mentioned in the text?

<p>Consulting with colleagues to gain different perspectives is another strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to grievance theory, what stimulates political participation and protest behavior?

<p>Personal dissatisfaction and grievances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the civic voluntarism model suggest is needed for individuals to participate politically?

<p>Access to material resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core difference in the predictions of grievance theory and the civic voluntarism model regarding resource scarcity?

<p>Grievance theory predicts that resource scarcity leads to protest, while the civic voluntarism model predicts it will depress participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central research question posed in the text regarding precarious workers?

<p>Does a disadvantaged occupational condition like that experienced by precarious workers influence individual and collective political participation, as described by the grievance model?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first hypothesis (H1) regarding the relationship between economic crisis and political participation?

<p>There is a positive relation between economic crisis and the level of political participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to H1, how are precarious youth expected to participate politically in times of economic crisis?

<p>They are expected to be more active in non-institutionalized mode of political participation than regular workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the second hypothesis (H2) suggest about the relationship between economic crisis, personal deprivation, and political participation?

<p>The positive relationship between economic crisis and political participation becomes stronger for individuals who also experience personal deprivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to H2, how do unemployment welfare regimes act on precarious workers' non-institutionalized political participation?

<p>Unemployment welfare regimes act as ‘single-issue’ political opportunity structures (POS), influencing precarious worker's political activity when unemployment and labor regulations are intermediate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do established migrants sometimes view newcomers?

<p>Established migrants may stigmatize newcomers, labeling them as untalented and a threat to their community's image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the survey, what percentage of migrants are considered successful?

<p>No more than 10% of all migrants are considered successful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver behind the new migration pattern to Canada, according to the content?

<p>The new migration pattern to Canada is more class-related than ethno-culturally defined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reception do Gypsies face when returning home from Canada, based on the provided text?

<p>They face ruthless remarks and potential displacement due to the local political climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason why lower-class Roma migrate from Hungary?

<p>They migrate not only for economic reasons, but also to flee a social environment filled with hatred towards them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the 'professionalized informal emigration brokers' mentioned in the text and how do they help facilitate migration?

<p>They are moneylenders who facilitate migration for lower-class Roma who lack resources, by providing necessary funds for travel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text connect poverty and development in the context of migration?

<p>Migrants saved money in Canada and sent remittances home to their families, highlighting a link between labor migration and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author suggest would be the reaction of Hungarian anti-Gypsy nationalists to the Roma mass migration to the West?

<p>The author suggests they would be content, as they view this group as the most troublesome social problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did the author use to ensure objectivity in their qualitative research?

<p>Consulting with colleagues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In traditional anthropological studies, what role were informants typically assigned?

<p>Objects of study, not creators of knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the researchers in this study challenge traditional anthropological divisions?

<p>By collaborating and writing together as informant and anthropologist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two forms of writing styles were used for this ethnography?

<p>Ethnographic and biographical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship was formed between Liria and Paloma?

<p>They were friends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial view of the other Gitanos toward Liria and Paloma's friendship?

<p>They talked badly about it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal change did the 2000s bring for Liria?

<p>She started an affair, left her family and then fled again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Liria looking for legal help for?

<p>To get custody of her children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initially prompted Paloma to seek funding and involve Liria in a project?

<p>Paloma initially sought funding and involved Liria to alleviate her financial difficulties during the Spanish economic crisis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Paloma's understanding of anthropology evolve through her work with Liria?

<p>Paloma's understanding of anthropology shifted from extracting information to experiencing a collaborative relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fieldwork considered to be the bedrock of?

<p>Fieldwork is considered the bedrock of anthropology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the traditional roles of anthropologist and informant change through Paloma and Liria's collaboration?

<p>Paloma and Liria moved beyond the traditional anthropologist-informant roles by breaking the mold, sharing their lives, and writing together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What apparent paradox is highlighted regarding anthropology's role in Paloma and Liria's relationship?

<p>Anthropology enabled them to come together, but also created barriers between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Grievances

People's feelings of dissatisfaction with important aspects of their lives, such as income, employment, or living standards.

Grievance Theory

A theory suggesting that grievances, like dissatisfaction with life, fuel political participation, especially protests.

Resources or Civic Voluntarism Model

A model stating that people need resources, such as money or connections, to participate politically.

Precarious Work

A situation where individuals lack the resources or stability typically associated with standard employment contracts.

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Economic Crisis

A situation where a country's economy experiences a significant decline, often leading to job losses and increased hardship.

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Non-institutionalized Political Participation

Forms of political participation that occur outside of traditional channels, such as voting or lobbying.

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Unemployment Welfare Regimes

Government policies that influence how unemployment is managed, including benefits and regulations.

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Single-Issue Political Opportunity Structures (POS)

Political opportunity structures that focus on specific issues, like unemployment, and can mobilize people to participate.

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City Sanctuary Policies

Policies adopted by cities to support and integrate undocumented immigrants, often in response to restrictive national immigration laws.

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Cities at the Crossroads

Cities are uniquely positioned to enact policies that can both support undocumented immigrants and challenge national immigration laws.

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Local Public Service Provision

Policies that extend local public services, such as healthcare, housing, or legal aid, to undocumented immigrants.

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Rights Protection

Policies that protect undocumented immigrants from deportation or discrimination, such as 'don't ask, don't tell' policies.

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Democratic Participation

Policies that encourage undocumented immigrants to participate in civic life, such as voting rights or participatory bodies.

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Urban Citizenship

The idea that cities can create their own spaces for membership and belonging, independent of national criteria.

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Ius Domicili

The concept that undocumented immigrants have a right to live in a city and access its resources, based on their presence and contributions.

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Grassroots Activism and City Sanctuary Policies

Grassroots activism, direct service provision, and political claim-making play a significant role in shaping city sanctuary policies.

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Reflexivity in qualitative research

The process of acknowledging and reflecting on how a researcher's own experiences, beliefs, and assumptions influence the research process. This helps ensure objectivity and rigor in qualitative research.

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Researcher's Prior Experiences

Experiences from a researcher's past that might unconsciously shape their interpretations of data and findings. These experiences can include personal events, cultural background, or prior research.

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Researcher's Assumptions and Beliefs

The preconceived notions, beliefs, and values that researchers bring to their research, potentially influencing their understanding and analysis of data.

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Researcher's Positionality

The ability to recognize that one's own perspective and understanding are shaped by their unique position and experiences. It allows researchers to be aware of potential biases and limitations.

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Researcher's Diary

Keeping a journal or diary to document the researcher's interpretations, reactions, and reflections throughout the research process. This helps track biases and ensure transparency.

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Data Revision for Bias Identification

The process of reviewing and examining data to identify and address potential biases introduced by the researcher's own perspective.

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Consulting Colleagues for Perspectives

Seeking feedback and perspectives from colleagues or peers to gain different viewpoints and challenge the researcher's own assumptions.

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Researcher's Limitations

The awareness of limitations in the researcher's knowledge and skills, leading to honest and transparent acknowledgment of potential shortcomings in the research.

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Established-outsiders relationship

Established migrants in a new country often view newcomers from the same origin as a threat, seeing them as inferior and labeling them as unskilled, ignorant, and having different values. This can undermine the established migrants' efforts to integrate in the new society.

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Class-related migration

This type of migration is driven by economic factors rather than ethnicity or culture. People move predominantly for better job opportunities, economic security, and a chance to improve their lives.

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Return of Roma migrants from Canada to Hungary

Migrants from Hungary, particularly Roma, often face a hostile environment upon their return. They are often perceived as a social burden and scapegoated for societal issues, leading to discrimination and exclusion.

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Informal migration brokers

This refers to the people who facilitate migration, often operating informally, and sometimes for profit. They connect migrants with potential opportunities abroad, including those with limited resources like education or money.

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New pattern of Roma outmigration from Hungary

The migration of Roma from Hungary is not solely restricted to those with economic or social advantages. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are also seeking better lives abroad, fleeing poverty and discrimination.

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Remittances of migrants

Money sent back home by migrants to support their families is crucial, especially in communities struggling with poverty. This economic contribution can improve the lives of those left behind.

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Culture of migration

Social and economic factors play a key role in migration patterns. Limited job opportunities and a lack of state support for unskilled workers contribute to a culture of migration.

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Roma mass migration and Hungarian nationalism

The high rate of Roma migration to the West exposes a deep-rooted societal issue in Hungary, where Roma are often marginalized and blamed for social problems.

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Anthropology

The study of human societies and cultures through observation and analysis.

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Fieldwork

The process of directly experiencing and engaging with a culture to gather insights.

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Informants

The people who provide information and insights about their culture to anthropologists. They are crucial to the field.

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Complicity and Union

A relationship where the researchers and the people they study share their knowledge and experiences collaboratively.

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Collaborative Ethnography

A research method where the researcher collaborates with the study's subject, fostering a relationship based on mutual understanding and shared knowledge creation.

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Traditional Ethnography

The relationship between a researcher and their study subject, often characterized by a power imbalance, where the researcher observes and analyzes while the subject is studied.

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Ethnographic Fieldwork

The process of gaining insights into cultural practices and perspectives by actively participating in and observing the lives of the people being studied.

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Challenging Ethnographic Boundaries

An approach to research that challenges traditional academic hierarchies and strives to empower marginalized voices.

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Experiential Ethnography

The research process where the researcher integrates their personal experiences and observations with the informants' perspectives.

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Ethnographer-Informant Relationship

The dynamic relationship built between a researcher and a study subject, often evolving over time as they learn from each other.

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Ethnography

The study of a specific cultural group or community through detailed observation and analysis.

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Study Notes

Summary Papers Bassoli

  • The papers are from Social and Political Research Methods at the University of Padova.
  • The work is not sponsored by any university.
  • The document was downloaded by Chiara Cortiana.

BAZURLI - Explaining Variation in City Sanctuary Policies

  • Many US and European cities implement policies to support undocumented immigrants
  • These policies, often called "sanctuary" or "solidarity" policies, are often in reaction against national policies excluding immigrants.
  • Policies often originate from grassroots activism and include local public services like healthcare, housing, legal services; rights protection (e.g. protection from deportation); and democratic participation.
  • The key is that not all policies are the same.
  • Research questions include what drivers are behind sanctuary policies and how policies vary.
  • Research argues local and supra-local contexts jointly explain variation in different responses to undocumented immigrants.
  • Examples used are San Francisco, Houston, Barcelona, and Milan.
  • Local approaches to these policies depend on favorable local contexts: large immigrant populations, sufficient government, progressive cultures, favorable institutional arrangements etc.
  • Supra-local approaches involve favorable government decentralisation, national migration/citizenship regimes focused on integration.
  • The comparison includes research design using an inductive theory building approach through comparison of city sanctuary policies adopted in four cities.
  • There are 107 interviews with local officials and staff from community organisations.
  • Other sources include local newspaper reports, government files and secondary literature.
  • Supra-local contexts like federal/quasi federal systems provide more opportunities than centralized systems.

PETRACCHIN - How Does Exposure to Asylum-Seekers' Reception Centres Affect Votes for Far-Right Parties?

  • The research question is whether in Berlin in 2019, exposure to asylum seeker reception centers was related to far-right (AfD) vote shares.
  • Existing studies have conflicting results about the impact of immigration.
  • The research intends to fill a gap by examining the impact of reception center size/capacity on the relationship between exposure to asylum-seeking migration and votes for the far-right.
  • Theory uses contact and group conflict theory.
  • Hypothesis 1 suggests exposure to asylum-seekers negatively affects AfD vote shares.
  • Hypothesis 2 predicts a stronger negative impact in wealthy districts than poor districts.
  • Hypothesis 3 suggests a bigger negative impact in districts with smaller reception centres compared to those with bigger centres.
  • Hypothesis 4 suggests a larger negative impact in western Berlin.
  • Hypothesis 5 suggests a larger negative impact in districts with higher numbers of established non-European residents.
  • Data sources include electoral results, reception centre information, non-EU migrant proportions, and socio-economic district data.
  • Methods use spatial autoregressive models to analyse the relationship.

BASSOLI - What about the Welfare State? Exploring Precarious Youth Political Participation in the Age of Grievances

  • The study aims to examine non-institutionalized political participation patterns of precarious youth in five cities.
  • Research examines if 'grievance theory' applies to precarious youth.
  • The article finds that across the cities, precarious workers show higher political participation due to relative deprivation compared to regularly employed workers.
  • The authors used logit analyses to consider the local context (unemployment regulations and labor market regulations) during their analysis.

Other studies and general information (Page 7-14)

  • Additional research designs, including data collection methods, results, and conclusions are discussed.
  • Information is presented about the methodology, qualitative research, reflexivity, and relationship between researchers and researched.
  • Research questions investigate the effect of labor market regulations and unemployment regulations on political participation in precarious urban youth; the impact of economic crisis and personal deprivation; specific political participation patterns across different countries/regions (Cologne, Geneva, Kielce, Lyon, Turin).
  • Other studies and researchers are mentioned, such as Cruz & Y Blasco, analysing friendship and the role of informants in anthropology research, and highlighting the importance of reflexivity in qualitative research.

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Summary Papers Bassoli PDF

Description

This quiz explores the variation in city sanctuary policies in the US and Europe, highlighting their support for undocumented immigrants. It examines the grassroots activism behind these policies and their impact on local public services and rights protection. Delve into the factors that shape different responses to immigration at the local and supra-local levels.

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