Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a critical factor for the success of a research project?
What is a critical factor for the success of a research project?
What does a sampling frame represent in research?
What does a sampling frame represent in research?
What is the most serious type of non-observation error encountered in sampling?
What is the most serious type of non-observation error encountered in sampling?
Which of the following is NOT a way nonresponse can occur?
Which of the following is NOT a way nonresponse can occur?
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Which factor does NOT influence the quality of responses from interviewers?
Which factor does NOT influence the quality of responses from interviewers?
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What is the term for the deviation between an estimate from an ideal sample and the true population value?
What is the term for the deviation between an estimate from an ideal sample and the true population value?
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What best describes a parameter in research?
What best describes a parameter in research?
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How can errors of observation affect research results?
How can errors of observation affect research results?
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What is a stratum in the context of sampling?
What is a stratum in the context of sampling?
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Under which condition is cluster sampling particularly effective?
Under which condition is cluster sampling particularly effective?
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What type of sampling is often used when a researcher selects participants based on their availability?
What type of sampling is often used when a researcher selects participants based on their availability?
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Which method requires the researcher to use their judgment in selecting samples?
Which method requires the researcher to use their judgment in selecting samples?
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What distinguishes quota sampling from stratified sampling?
What distinguishes quota sampling from stratified sampling?
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What is the primary disadvantage of convenience sampling?
What is the primary disadvantage of convenience sampling?
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In snowball sampling, what is the primary challenge when locating participants?
In snowball sampling, what is the primary challenge when locating participants?
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Which sampling method is NOT considered a probability method?
Which sampling method is NOT considered a probability method?
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What term describes the bias where a respondent exaggerates their answers to appear more favorable?
What term describes the bias where a respondent exaggerates their answers to appear more favorable?
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What defines a census sample?
What defines a census sample?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of probability sampling?
Which of the following is a characteristic of probability sampling?
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What is a common method used in systematic sampling?
What is a common method used in systematic sampling?
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What is the main advantage of stratified sampling over simple random sampling?
What is the main advantage of stratified sampling over simple random sampling?
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Which sampling method selects members based on their convenience and availability?
Which sampling method selects members based on their convenience and availability?
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What is recall bias primarily associated with?
What is recall bias primarily associated with?
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Which of these options is a disadvantage of random sampling when dealing with large populations?
Which of these options is a disadvantage of random sampling when dealing with large populations?
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Study Notes
Sampling Techniques
- Defining the Target Population is crucial for research project success.
- Rely on logic and judgment when defining the target population.
- The population should be defined in relation to the study's objectives.
Technical Terminology
- An element is something measured in a study.
- A population is the group of elements for study.
- Sampling units are non-overlapping groups of elements that form the population.
- A sampling frame is a list of sampling units.
- A sample is units taken from a sampling frame.
- Parameter is a characteristic of a population.
- Statistic is a characteristic of a sample.
Errors of Non-observation
- Sampling error is the difference between an ideal sample estimate and the true population value.
- Coverage error occurs when the sampling frame does not perfectly match the target population.
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Nonresponse error is a major problem.
- It occurs when sampled elements cannot be contacted.
- It occurs when sampled elements refuse to answer questions.
- Elements cannot be contacted due to various reasons.
Errors of Observation
- Observation errors can arise from the interviewer, respondent, instrument, or data collection method.
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Interviewer bias can influence responses.
- Interviewers of the same gender/racial/ethnic group as respondents are often more successful.
- Friendly or neutral interviewers tend to have higher response rates.
Respondents
- Respondents vary in motivation and ability to answer correctly.
- Getting honest responses to sensitive questions can be challenging.
- Common response errors include recall bias (not remembering correctly), prestige bias (exaggerating), and intentional deception (lying).
Census Sample
- A census occurs when the whole population is surveyed.
- A census happens when the whole population is feasible to study.
- In a census study, data is collected from every member of the population.
Probability vs. Nonprobability Sampling
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Probability Sampling: Each population member has a known chance of selection.
- Methods include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling.
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Nonprobability Sampling: Members are chosen without randomization.
- Methods include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling.
Random Sampling
- Random sampling is the purest form of probability sampling.
- Each population member has an equal chance of selection.
- May be difficult to identify all members for very large populations.
Systematic Sampling
- Systematic sampling selects every Nth member from a list.
- This method is as accurate as random sampling if the list has no hidden patterns.
- It's simpler and potentially less expensive than random sampling.
Stratified Sampling
- Stratified sampling uses subgroups (strata) to ensure representation of all groups in the sample.
- Stratified sampling is especially helpful when subgroups have a low occurrence rate.
- This method is more accurate than random sampling and can minimize sampling error.
Cluster Sampling
- Cluster sampling divides the population into groups (clusters).
- All members of randomly selected clusters are surveyed.
- Useful when a good sampling frame of the whole population isn't available or is expensive.
Convenience Sampling
- Convenience sampling selects accessible people.
- This method is quick and inexpensive.
- Findings are not generalizable to a larger population.
Judgment Sampling
- Researchers use judgment to select participants who best represent the population.
- The chosen sample may not be truly representative.
- This can be useful for exploratory research.
Quota Sampling
- Quota sampling creates subgroups (strata) that mirror the population.
- Nonprobability methods (convenience or judgment) are used to select people in each stratum.
- This method mirrors proportions in the larger population, but the selections are not random
Snowball Sampling
- Selecting participants and asking them to refer other people similar to them.
- Useful for hard-to-reach populations.
- The sample may not be representative of the whole population.
Sample Size
- Larger samples are needed for more diverse populations.
- Larger samples for probability samples are more reliable for representing the population.
Response Rates
- Low response rates (<60-70%) decrease the reliability of a survey.
- Follow-up techniques can increase response rates.
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Description
This quiz explores essential concepts related to sampling techniques in research. Key topics include defining target populations, understanding technical terminology, and identifying errors associated with non-observation. Perfect for students and researchers looking to strengthen their grasp on sampling methods.
