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Questions and Answers
What impact does a smaller margin of error have on sample size requirements?
What impact does a smaller margin of error have on sample size requirements?
- It has no effect on sample size.
- It increases the required sample size. (correct)
- It decreases the required sample size.
- It makes sample size irrelevant.
Which sampling method is used when selecting patients by age groups and randomly choosing from each group?
Which sampling method is used when selecting patients by age groups and randomly choosing from each group?
- Convenience sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Stratified sampling (correct)
- Cluster sampling
What does the Z-score represent in the sample size calculation formula?
What does the Z-score represent in the sample size calculation formula?
- The margin of error
- The sample mean
- The estimated proportion
- The level of confidence (correct)
What is the effect of increased variability in a population on sample size?
What is the effect of increased variability in a population on sample size?
In a study where only patients using similar medications for more than six months are selected, what sampling method is being used?
In a study where only patients using similar medications for more than six months are selected, what sampling method is being used?
What is the primary purpose of using sampling in research?
What is the primary purpose of using sampling in research?
What does a sample represent in the context of sampling?
What does a sample represent in the context of sampling?
Which of the following best describes sample bias?
Which of the following best describes sample bias?
When is it appropriate to sample the entire population?
When is it appropriate to sample the entire population?
Which sampling method is characterized by choosing participants based on specific characteristics?
Which sampling method is characterized by choosing participants based on specific characteristics?
What is the basic unit of a population in sampling?
What is the basic unit of a population in sampling?
What can result from using faulty sampling methods?
What can result from using faulty sampling methods?
Why might researchers opt for non-probability sampling?
Why might researchers opt for non-probability sampling?
What is the first step in the sampling process?
What is the first step in the sampling process?
Which type of sampling allows for potential bias and is less representative?
Which type of sampling allows for potential bias and is less representative?
What sampling method involves choosing individuals who are easiest to access?
What sampling method involves choosing individuals who are easiest to access?
Which sampling method is best used for reaching hard-to-reach populations?
Which sampling method is best used for reaching hard-to-reach populations?
What characteristic distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?
What characteristic distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?
What is a key feature of quota sampling?
What is a key feature of quota sampling?
Which type of sampling is commonly used but less preferred due to potential bias?
Which type of sampling is commonly used but less preferred due to potential bias?
What is a disadvantage of non-probability sampling methods?
What is a disadvantage of non-probability sampling methods?
What is the main characteristic of simple random sampling?
What is the main characteristic of simple random sampling?
What is the purpose of stratified sampling?
What is the purpose of stratified sampling?
What is an example of systematic sampling?
What is an example of systematic sampling?
What does sampling error refer to?
What does sampling error refer to?
Why is sample size important in research studies?
Why is sample size important in research studies?
How does larger sample size influence confidence intervals?
How does larger sample size influence confidence intervals?
What effect does population heterogeneity have on sampling error?
What effect does population heterogeneity have on sampling error?
Which sampling method involves random selections from subgroups?
Which sampling method involves random selections from subgroups?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Sampling in Pharmacy Research
- A sample is a smaller group that represents the characteristics of a larger population.
- Samples are used in research because studying the entire population may be too large or costly.
- Sampling is the process of selecting a small group of individuals from a population.
Reasons for Sampling
- Saves time and resources: Studying a sample is more efficient than the entire population.
- Improves accuracy: A well-chosen sample can accurately reflect the characteristics of the population.
Important Terms
- Population: An entire group of individuals with shared characteristics.
- Sample: A smaller subgroup selected from the population to represent the entire group.
- Sampling: The process of selecting a sample from a population.
- Sample Bias: When a sample is not representative of the population.
Steps in the Sampling Process
- Identify the Target Population: Clearly define the group being studied.
- Identify the Accessible Population: Determine the portion of the target population that can be reached.
- Determine the Sample Size: Calculate the number of individuals needed for the study.
- Select a Sampling Technique: Choose the method to select the sample.
- Implement the Plan: Execute the sampling process.
Sampling Methods
Non-Probability Sampling
- Convenience Sampling: Choosing individuals who are easily accessible.
- Purposive Sampling: Selecting individuals based on specific characteristics relevant to the research.
- Quota Sampling: Selecting a sample based on predefined characteristics of the population.
- Snowball Sampling: Participants recruit other participants, useful for hard-to-reach populations.
Probability Sampling
- Simple Random Sampling: Every individual has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and randomly selecting individuals from each.
- Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth individual from a list.
Sampling Error
- The difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population it represents.
- Arises due to the natural variability in the population and the fact that samples are smaller than the entire population.
- Causes:
- Sample size: smaller samples lead to greater error
- Population heterogeneity: diverse populations lead to greater error
Sample Size
- The number of observations or data points included in a sample.
- Factors influencing sample size
- Population size
- Margin of error
- Confidence level
- Variability
Identifying Sampling Methods
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Scenario 1: Stratified Sampling
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Scenario 2: Convenience Sampling
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Scenario 3: Purposive Sampling
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Scenario 4: Simple Random Sampling
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