Salivary Glands and Ducts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the saliva produced by the parotid gland?

Increasing the pH of the oral cavity

Digestion of starch (correct)

Digestion of fat

Killing pathogens in the oral environment

Which of the following salivary glands produces the highest amount of saliva when stimulated?

All three glands produce equal amounts of saliva when stimulated

Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland

Parotid gland (correct)

Which enzyme in saliva is responsible for the digestion of fat?

Lingual lipase (correct)

Lysozyme

Alpha amylase

Lactoferrin

What is the approximate percentage of saliva produced by the submandibular gland at rest?

70-75% Signup and view all the answers

Which salivary gland is divided into two lobes, a superficial and a deep lobe?

Parotid gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lactoferrin in saliva?

Removing free iron (Fe3+) from the oral environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the first irreversible step in the swallowing process?

Pharyngeal phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

Prevents passage of air into the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the esophageal sphincter muscles?

To prevent reflux of stomach contents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of peristalsis in the esophagus?

To transport the bolus of food to the stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

To close off the airway during swallowing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the esophageal sphincters?

To prevent the reflux of stomach contents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stomach?

To store and mechanically digest food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells secrete the enzyme pepsinogen?

Chief cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

To activate the enzyme pepsinogen into pepsin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the small intestine sections?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas?

To neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve system is responsible for increasing muscular activity and glandular secretion in the digestive system?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Salivary Glands and Saliva

Saliva is a watery secretion produced by 3 major glands in the exocrine system: submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands.
Each gland has a duct that secretes saliva into the oral cavity.
Parotid gland: produces watery serous saliva through Stenson's duct.
Submandibular gland: produces mixed secretion (serous and mucous) through Wharton's duct.
Sublingual gland: produces mainly mucous saliva through Bartholin's or sublingual duct.
At rest, the submandibular gland produces 70-75% of saliva, the parotid gland produces 20-25%, and the sublingual gland produces 5%.
After stimulation, the parotid gland releases the highest amount of saliva.

Composition of Saliva

Saliva is 99% water and 1% electrolytes/proteins.
Electrolytes and proteins include Na, K, Ca, HCO3, and enzymes.
Enzymes in saliva: alpha amylase (ptyalin), lingual lipase, and lysozyme.
Alpha amylase breaks down starch, lingual lipase breaks down fat, and lysozyme acts against pathogens.

Stomach

The stomach has different layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
The stomach has five areas: cardia, fundus, body, antrum, and pyloric sphincter.
The stomach has specialized gastric cells: mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells, G cells, and D cells.
Mucous cells secrete mucous, chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen, and parietal cells secrete HCL and intrinsic factor.
Inactive pepsinogen is converted into active pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
Pepsin breaks down proteins and polypeptides.

Small Intestine

The small intestine is 6.5m long and has three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
The small intestine has a circular shape to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
Food mixed with acid from the stomach becomes chyme, which is then absorbed in the small intestine.
Chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine, aided by secretions from the liver and pancreas.

Liver and Pancreas

The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains lipase, amylase, and bicarbonate enzymes.
Bicarbonate is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic environment in the small intestine.

Nerves Involved

The parasympathetic nervous system increases muscular activity and glandular secretion (rest and digest).
The sympathetic nervous system decreases muscular activity and glandular secretion (fight or flight).
The vagus nerve supplies the parasympathetic nervous system.

Digestive System

The digestive system converts food into nutrients and excretes unwanted substances.
The process of digestion involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.
The mouth and oral cavity are involved in mechanical digestion, with the help of teeth and salivary glands.
The throat (pharynx) is involved in both respiration and digestion.
Food is pushed back by the tongue and swallowed through the pharyngeal phase, which is the first irreversible step in swallowing.
The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food to the stomach through peristalsis.
The esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of gastric contents and allows food to enter the stomach.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the watery secretion produced by salivary glands and how they are delivered through ducts into organs. Learn about the three major salivary glands - submandibular, parotid, and sublingual - and the types of secretions they produce.