Salastambha Dynasty

Salastambha Dynasty (Mlechchha Dynasty)

• Salastambha was known as Mlechchadhinath in Ratnapala's Bargaon grant.
• The capital was moved to Hatakeswara/Haruppeswara, now Tezpur, and named after Hataka or Hetuka Sulin, the tutelary deity.

Sri Harshadeva

• Sri Harshadeva was described as Gaudradi-Kalinga-Kosala-pati in the Pashupati epigraph of Nepal's Lichchavi king Jayadeva II
• Harsha and Jayadeva II had a marriage alliance
• Sri Harshadeva defeated the Sailya dynasty of Kalinga and Kosala
• Sri Harshadeva defeated Jivitagupta-II of Magadh.
• The Samngad epigraph of Dantidurga mentions Harshadeva’s conflict with the western Chalukyas
• Yasovarman overthrew Harshadeva.

Harjaravarman

• The Kamarupa kings assumed titles such as Maharaja-dhiraja Parameswara parama bhattaraka for the first time
• Harajara constructed a temple dedicated to Hetuka Sulin in Haruppeswara.
• Harjarapukhuri was excavated in Tezpur.

Vanamalavarman

• Vanamalavarman abdicated in favor of his son, Jayamala, and fasted until death, showing religious influence.

Jayamala

• Jayamala was also known as Virbahu.

Tyagsingha

• Tyagsingha was the final Salastambha dynasty ruler.
• Tyagsingha died without an heir, and officials appointed Brahmapala, a governor, as king.
• Sankaracharya, a Vedanta reformer, debated the Tantrik scholar Abhinava Gupta in Kamrupa during this time.

Pala Dynasty

Brahmapala

• Brahmapala was the first elected ruler of Kamarupa from 990-1010 AD

Ratnapala

• Ruled from 1010-1040 AD
• The city of Hadapyaka was beautified, well fortified, and renamed 'Durjaya'

Indrapala

• Ruled from 1040-1065 AD
• Established a marriage alliance with the Rashtrakutas, Rajyadevi
• Used thirty-two Birudas, Indicating a belief of the time

Gopala

• Ruled from 1065-1085 AD
• His mother was a Rashtrakuta princess

Harshapala

• Ruled from 1085 - 1095 AD

Dharmapala

• Ruled from 1095-1120 AD
• Kalika Puran was written
• The capital city was shifted to Kamarupanagar, now North Guwahati

Jayapala

• Ruled from 1120-1038 AD
• Defeated by King Ramapala of Bengal
• Ramapala only took possessions in North Bengal and placed this territory under Tingyadeva

Vaidyadeva

• Vaidyadeva succeeded Tingyadeva
• First Gauda ruler to conquer Kamarupa
• First Brahmana dynasty in Kamarupa was established by Vaidyadeva

Administration

• The administration was a monarchy, with divine kingship and a Varuna Chattra
• There was a council of ministers including Mantris, Amatyas, Sachiv, Rajguru, Bhisaka, and Mahadhipati
• Local administration followed the Gupta system, with Bhukti, Mandala, Visaya, and Grama divisions
• Justice was administered using Hindu law books, Sasana grants, and officials like Vyavaharika, Dandika, Dandapasika
• Revenue was collected through regular taxes (Kar), occasional taxes, commercial levies, fines, and income from state properties and officers included Uparika and Utketika

Education

• Education was imparted in Guru-grihas and village schools, called Agrahara villages
• Brahmins had the main responsibility of teaching
• Sanskrit was the language of instruction
• Recitation and explanation of the Ramayan and Mahabharata were used
• The curriculum had both Vidya and Kala

Dah-Parvatiya Temple

• The Da-Parbatia Temple, situated in Dah Parbatia village near Tezpur, is among the oldest Hindu temples in Assam
• Sculptures on the door frame resemble those of the early Gupta School
• The temple includes figurines of Ganga and Yamuna, Hindu goddesses, with dignity and garlands as a sign of welcoming temple visitors

Deopahar/Deopani Art School

• The Deopani School of Art (Deopani, Golaghat) thrived in Kamrupa during the late 7th to 8th centuries AD
• The sculptures of Deopani preserved features of the Gupta classical style's last phase
• Soft drapery, limited jewellery, drooping eyelids, finely polished bodies, and black sandstone were used

Akshaiganga Temples

• At the Akshaiganga Archaeological Site, remnants of three temples can be found
• Pillar shafts have a design that recalls the Chalukyan style.

Gosaijuri

• Some stone pieces from Gosaijuri in Nogaon are comparable to the art found in southern India and even Sri Lanka

Madan Kamdev Temple

• Sculptural depictions of dance and erotic forms, are similar to the Khajuraho sculptures

Haygriva Madhav Temple

• It is a stone temple housing Hayagriva Madhava's image.
• The Kalika Purana from the 11th century CE mentions the origin of this Vishnu form and its establishment on Monikut hill
• King Raghudeva Narayan constructed the current temple in 1583, while some historians think the Pala Dynasty king constructed it in the 10th century
• Some Buddhists hold that this temple is where the Buddha reached Mahaparinirvana
• Elephants are carved in a row on the temple walls in a way similar to Ellora's stone-cut temple

Sources for Assam History

• Buranji refers to Assamese chronicles.
• Tabaqat-i-Nasiri was written by Minhaj-ul-Siraj
• Fathiya-i-Ibriyya also known as Tarikh-i-Assam was written by Shihabuddin Talish
• Ralph Fitch wrote foreigners accounts
• John Peter Wade with Welsh companion, provided a geographical sketch of Assam

Dynasties

• Varman Dynasty
• Salastambha Dynasty
• Pala Dynasty
• Rise of Bhuyans

Muslim Invasions

• Mohammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji (1205-06)
• Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Khilji (1227)
• Ikhtiyar-Uddin YuzbakTughril Khan (1257)
• Muhammad Shah (1337)
• Sikandar Shah (1362)
• Rukunuddin Barbak Shah (1459-74)
• Alauddin Hussain Shah (1498)

Muhammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khalji's Invasion

• The account of the invasion is in Tabaquat-i-Nasiri by Minhaj Uddin Siraj and began in 1205 AD
• Ali Mech was the first Assamese to convert to Islam
• The army of Bakhtiyar was defeated by Prithu or Viswasundaradeva
• The name Viswasundaradeva was referred to as Jalpeswar in Yogini Tantra and is in the Gachtal inscription of Gopala
• Bakhtiyar was killed by Ali Mardan, his own minister

Kanai Barasi Rock Inscription

• "On the 13th of Chaitra, in the Saka year 1127, the Turks coming into Kamarupa were destroyed"

Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Khilji

• Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Khilji was The Governor of Bengal under the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish.
• In 1227 AD, Khilji led an expedition to Kamarupa.
• Nasiruddin would then invade Bengal
• Nasiruddin killed Iwaz Khilji
• Nasiruddin then ruled over Bengal, and also killed ruled Prithu and his successor Sandhya if they paid an annual fee of tribute

Tughril Khan

• In 1257 AD, Tugril Khan marched against Sandhya, who took Gauda and acquired the name Gaudeswara
• The army defeated and he was killed
• Sandhya shifted capital from Kamarupanagar to Kamatapur
• Thereforth, the Kamarupa assumed Kamateswara or Kameswara.

Muhammad Shah

• Muhammad Shah sent 100,000 horsemen to Assam In 1337
• However the army perished not a trace was left

Treaty between Dharmanarayan and Durlabhnarayan

• Dharmanarayan was the cousin of Durlabhnarayan
• 14 learned Brahmana and Kayastha families were transferred
• Kayastha Chandivar who was the great grand father of sankardeva was the leader
• Durlabhnarayan gave Chandivar the title Devidasa
• Chandivar was given lands to settle at Bordowa .

Great Poets

• Great poets at the court of Durlabh Narayan
  • Hema Saraswati, known for Prahlad Charit, Hara-Gauri-Sambad
  • Kaviratna Saraswati, known for Jayadratha Vadha
  • Harihar Vipra, he wrote Babrubahanar Yudha, Lava-Kushar Yudha, Tamradwajar Yudha,

Khen Dynasty

Niladhvaj

• After whom was Chakradhvaj and Barbak’s invasion

Nilambar

• Nilambar was related to Alauddin Hussain Shah
• It was the 1st time the Muslims succeeded during the mediaeval times
• The sultan set up Daniels, his son as ruler

The Ahom Dynasty

• The Ahom Dynasty were members of the Shan branch of great Tai or Thai family of South-East Asia.
• Sukapha born in 1191, left his homeland in about 1215 AD
• In 1228 Assam Divas, the second of december, Sukapha reached Brahmaputra valley, Namrup.
• From the text, Mungdunsunkham meant the country full of golden gardens, not a place.
• Barahi (Thakumtha) and Maran (Bdaucha), first tribes to submit –
• In 1253 Established his first capital in Charaideo.
• He was Assisted by Buragohain and Borgohain
• In relation to the Ahom, Deodhai and Bailungs were asked to write Buranji and Sukapha died in 1268.

Reasons for success

• Sukapha possessed Personal qualities
• They did not come as invaders.
• They showed Respect for local customs and traditions
• They showed Accomodation in administration and Open new areas for settlement

Ahom Rulers

• Suteupha. reigned from 1268 – 1281
• Subinpha was from 1281 – 1293
• Sukhangpha was from 1293 – 1332 and had a Marriage alliance with Kamata
• Rajani, Pratapdhvaj’s daughter, ruler of Kamata, was married to Sukhangpha
• Sukhangpha had fours sons: Sukhrangpha, Sutupha, Tyaokhamti and Chaopolai
• Sukhrangpha. Ruled from 1332 – 1364
• Interregnum was from 1364 – 1369
• Sutupha Ruled from 1369 – 1376 He was Treacherously murdered by the Chutiyas
• Tyaokhamti Ruled from 1380 – 1389
• Interregnum was from 1389 – 1397

Sudangpha/Bamuni Konwar

• Ruled from 1397-1407
• There was First official entry of Hinduism to the Ahom court
• The worship of Vishnu continued with the Ahom deity Chom-Cheng Chamdeo
• He Shifted his capital to Charagua near Dihing and was the First Ahom king to perform his coronation ceremony
• The coronation ceremony was called Singari-ghar-utha
• Made of Three chang-type houses, withthe woods and leaves were constructed from the singori tree, known as paatghar, holonghar and singarighar.
• Per custom, a man had to be beheaded during the coronation ceremony
• Sujangpha Ruled from 1407 – 1422
• Suphakpha Ruled From 1422 – 1439
• Susenpha Ruled From 1439 – 1488
• Suhenpha From 1400 – 1493
• Supimpha then Ruled from 1493 – 1497
• He Sent his queen to live in a Naga village.

Suhungmung

• Ruled from 1497 to 1539
• Also known as “Dihingia Roja” as he shifted his capital to Bakata
• He Assumed the Hindu title “Swarganarayan” and Adopted 'Saka' era, instead of Lakli system,
• The Post was called, “Barpatra Gohain", and Created the post was in 1504 (Konseng).
• The Dihingia, Chringia, Tungkhungia, Tipamiya faids were formed,
• First census was created,
• And in 1523 there was Chutiya kingdom, and 'Phra-Sen-Mong', meaning First 'Sadiyakhowa' Gohain, was constructed
• The Head of Chutiya ruler buried under the steps leading to the temple at Charaideo. and performed the Rikkhvan ceremony
• In 1527, Kacharis started Thapita. and Sanchita during the campaign and the Kacharis then revolted against Ahom in 1536,

Suklenmung

• Ruled from 1539-1553. He was Was popularly known as “Gorhgayan Raja”, after shifting his capital to Gorgaon. which is
• Where there was a placement of deity of Chom-Cheng (Chomdeo) in inside campus but outside palace., and became The first Ahom ruler to issue coin",

Sukhampha

• Reigned 1553-1603
• Called Khura Raja The event with Conflict with the Koch was that, There was Koch attacked to Ahoms in 1562 which Resulted in, Chilarai. capturing Garhgaon and. Sukhampha fled to Chorai-khorong in Namrup
• In relation to the Koch, Sukhampha appointed Aikhek Buragohain to Garhgaon to then negotiate after The Treaty of Majuli was signed between then Ahom and koch in 1563. at Nara Narayan camping in Majuli..
• Durga puja came to be annually celebrated in the Ahom realm at In 1576, for Nara king King of Mungkang (Myanmar)who then made a then failed attempt to then expand his kingdom also in Assam .

Sushengpha

_ Ruled between 1603 – 41_

• Those that reigned under Sushengpha were Langi Gohain, Pratap Singha,, Burha Raja and Budhi Swarganarayan _ Another known as Gajapati for love of elephants, of a thousand elephants._

• Two new posts were the Barbarua: for the newly conquered land east of Koliabor, that to assist the welfare of the subject, as well as the Barphukan: to over sea all overall commander of the assault forces

• *Barbarua:**_ for the newly conquered land east of Koliabor, that to assist the welfare of the subject. as well Barphukan: of the overall commander of the assault forces.

• • Posa system - Tribal appeasement policy and *Assamese a the court language.

Paid system.

• A every adult male between has Every adult male (the ones of 15 to 50) a state force

• Four Paiks from the same tribe made a group called”got”.

• One Paik of every the group then does service to the state for then thee months.

• Paiks then provide their service after emergencies, that are allotter two puras of then land is return, this allotment is non heritable and cannot transfer.

• Paiks there also an organized into other productive work such building boats.

• The rigid state of paiks was the rigid, then the officers Twenty paiks, and Over hundred a officer was called Bora. Over a thousand called, then the officer would be called Saikia_ to the Over six thousand pai.

• Those of the area who had less than less then has Rajkhowa also administered district area .

The two broad Paikis where;

• Kanri: and Chamua

Other Paikis

• Other Paikis where Bilatiyas, Dewaliyas, Bahatiyas.

The conflict with Kacharis

• Kacharis had defeated in first
• After that they did defeated Ahom that had under (Satrudaman) which call’s Jasa
• Which the Capital moved.

Ahom and mughal

-That -Wasn’t a

• -good relationship. Ahom was then
• -Aparths

All of the things that they had did during the time of nara Narayan All of them gave under mughals That time the Ahom.