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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the pelvis tilting laterally during unilateral stance?
What is the primary purpose of the pelvis tilting laterally during unilateral stance?
How does the hip's motion in the frontal plane contribute to gait stability?
How does the hip's motion in the frontal plane contribute to gait stability?
Which phase of gait is directly linked to the clearing of the foot from the ground?
Which phase of gait is directly linked to the clearing of the foot from the ground?
What is a consequence of pelvic motion during the gait cycle?
What is a consequence of pelvic motion during the gait cycle?
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Which kinematic change occurs at the ankle during the 2nd dorsiflexion arc?
Which kinematic change occurs at the ankle during the 2nd dorsiflexion arc?
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What is the position of the knee at initial contact during the gait cycle?
What is the position of the knee at initial contact during the gait cycle?
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What does the first arc of knee flexion during the loading response assist with?
What does the first arc of knee flexion during the loading response assist with?
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During which phase of gait does the knee achieve maximum flexion of 60° to 65°?
During which phase of gait does the knee achieve maximum flexion of 60° to 65°?
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What is the knee's position at the end of the loading response phase?
What is the knee's position at the end of the loading response phase?
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What is the primary action of the knee during the terminal swing phase?
What is the primary action of the knee during the terminal swing phase?
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In the gait cycle, when does the ankle joint transition from plantarflexion to dorsiflexion?
In the gait cycle, when does the ankle joint transition from plantarflexion to dorsiflexion?
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What motion occurs at the knee during midstance?
What motion occurs at the knee during midstance?
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What does the second arc of knee flexion primarily assist with?
What does the second arc of knee flexion primarily assist with?
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What is the position of the metatarsophalangeal joints during the loading response?
What is the position of the metatarsophalangeal joints during the loading response?
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During which phase of gait does maximal ankle dorsiflexion occur?
During which phase of gait does maximal ankle dorsiflexion occur?
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What is the degree of plantarflexion of the ankle during preswing?
What is the degree of plantarflexion of the ankle during preswing?
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How much hyperextension occurs at the metatarsophalangeal joints at the end of preswing?
How much hyperextension occurs at the metatarsophalangeal joints at the end of preswing?
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What happens to ankle plantarflexion during the initial swing phase?
What happens to ankle plantarflexion during the initial swing phase?
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During which phase does the body's center of mass move forward over the weight-bearing limb?
During which phase does the body's center of mass move forward over the weight-bearing limb?
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At what angle is the ankle typically found at the end of midstance?
At what angle is the ankle typically found at the end of midstance?
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What role does the first plantarflexion arc play in gait?
What role does the first plantarflexion arc play in gait?
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Study Notes
Sagittal Plane Kinematics
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Knee: The knee joint flexes and extends during walking.
- At initial contact (IC), the knee is nearly straight (3-5 degrees of flexion).
- During loading response (LR), the knee flexes (15–20 degrees) to absorb shock and transfer weight.
- Midstance (MSt) sees the knee extending to minimize muscular effort.
- Terminal stance (TSt) marks maximum knee extension.
- Preswing (PSw) involves knee flexion (35–40 degrees).
- The knee further flexes during initial swing (Isw) and midswing (MSw) (60–65 degrees) to lift the foot off the ground.
- Terminal swing (TSw) involves knee extension to nearly full extension, preparing for the next step.
Ankle and Foot
- The ankle plantarflexes and dorsiflexes twice during a gait cycle.
- At initial contact (IC), the ankle joint is in a neutral position.
- Loading response (LR) involves rapid plantarflexion to allow the entire foot to contact the ground.
- The ankle dorsiflexes (5-10 degrees) during midstance (MSt) as the tibia moves over the foot.
- Terminal stance (TSt) sees 10 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion, representing the close-packed position.
- Preswing (PSw) involves another wave of plantarflexion (20-30 degrees).
- Initial swing (Isw) starts with 10 degrees of plantarflexion and transitions to dorsiflexion to clear the toes.
- The ankle remains in this position throughout midswing (MSw) and terminal swing (TSw).
- The metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints hyperextend during the stance phase (after midstance and into preswing) to stabilize the limb as the body's center of mass (COM) moves forward. At the end of preswing, they reach maximum hyperextension (55-60 degrees). This hyperextension is maintained (30-40 degrees) for toe clearance during swing phase, gradually decreasing to 25 degrees by initial contact (IC).
Frontal Plane Kinematics
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Pelvis: The pelvis tilts laterally, about 8 degrees on each side, during gait.
- The pelvis on the swing leg side tilts downwards due to adduction of the stance leg.
- This motion helps the hip abductor muscles of the stance leg generate force for stability.
- It also reduces the height of the swing limb's center of mass (COM), contributing to energy efficiency.
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Hip: Hip motions in the frontal plane play a crucial role in gait stability and efficiency.
- At initial contact (IC), the hip is adducted (10 degrees).
- Loading response (LR) sees adduction further increase (5 degrees) to stretch the gluteus medius muscle.
- The hip moves towards a neutral position during midstance (MSt) and terminal stance (TSt).
- Swing phase involves hip abduction (5 degrees) to clear the foot from the ground.
- The hip returns to neutral as the limb approaches the end of terminal swing (TSw).
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Description
Explore the intricate kinematics of the knee, ankle, and foot during the gait cycle. This quiz covers key phases such as initial contact, loading response, and terminal stance, focusing on flexion and extension movements. Test your understanding of how these joints function together while walking.
