Safety System Diagram and Requirements
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the Audio Frequency Track Circuit (AFTC) system?

  • To transmit voice communication between Controllers and agencies involved in safety and/or train operation
  • To transmit MA to the on-board system for ATC (correct)
  • To collect and display information such as wind, rainfall and rail temperature
  • To ensure instant and uninterruptible voice communication between two adjacent Stations

    • What type of locking is used in Interlocking systems?

  • Mechanical locking, electrical locking, or electronic locking (correct)
  • Electrical locking, radio frequency locking, or fiber optic locking
  • Electronic locking, computer-based locking, or satellite-based locking
  • Mechanical locking, pneumatic locking, or hydraulic locking

    • What is the primary function of the Despatcher Telephone system?

  • To ensure instant and uninterruptible voice communication between two adjacent Stations
  • To provide voice communication between Controllers and agencies involved in safety and/or train operation (correct)
  • To collect and display information such as wind, rainfall and rail temperature
  • To transmit Fax simultaneously to designated groups

    • What is the purpose of the Leaky Coaxial Cable (LCX)?

    <p>To radiate radio waves of a desired frequency along its length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Disaster Prevention System?

    <p>To collect and display information such as wind, rainfall and rail temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Interlocking system?

    <p>To ensure safety by operating Signals, Points, and other appliances in a proper sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Direct Telephone between Adjacent Stations?

    <p>To ensure instant and uninterruptible voice communication between two adjacent Stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Despatcher FAX system?

    <p>To transmit Fax simultaneously to designated groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of safety integrity requirements in a safety-related system?

    <p>To determine the likelihood of correct operation of the safety function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of introducing a protection system in a safety-related system?

    <p>To trust the system to perform its safety function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a safety function in railway signalling?

    <p>Passenger Information System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SIL in railway signalling?

    <p>To give an interval for the rate of safety critical failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of safety functions in railway signalling?

    <p>To prevent accidents and reduce risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a safety-related system in railway signalling?

    <p>ATP and/or ATC Infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of safety system design in railway signalling?

    <p>To ensure the correct operation of the safety function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the temporary speed restriction function?

    <p>To change control information indicated for Running Line outside of a Station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of safety integrity in railway signalling?

    <p>The likelihood of correct operation of the safety function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions shall the Cab Signal sound an alarm?

    <p>When the control pattern is received and when the control pattern is updated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of Interlocking?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Centralised Traffic Control System indicate?

    <p>The position of a Train on Running Line and Depot Line which has ATC route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Train Detection Devices?

    <p>To detect a Train on the track for Safety of Train Operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one type of maintenance for the system?

    <p>The type is not specified in the document</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ATC?

    <p>To provide automatic train control for Safety of Train Operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the functions of Centralised Traffic Control System?

    <p>Route clear situation on Running Line and Depot Line which has ATC route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the cumulative time T in the non-repairable case?

    <p>T = [t + t + ... + t + (N-k) t]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between MTBF and MTTF?

    <p>MTBF is for repairable items, while MTTF is for non-repairable items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a safety function?

    <p>To achieve or maintain a safe state of the Equipment Under Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reliability equation for a constant λ?

    <p>R(t) = e^{-λt}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Equipment Under Control Control System (EUCCS)?

    <p>A system that responds to input signals from the process and or from an operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observed failure rate given by?

    <p>Gama = k/T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a safety related system?

    <p>To perform one or more safety functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a safety related system and a safety function?

    <p>A safety related system is a system that performs one or more safety functions, while a safety function is a function that is intended to achieve or maintain a safe state of the Equipment Under Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Onboard ATO system?

    <p>To control the traction and braking effort to keep the train under the safety threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the CBTC system calculates the limits of movement authority for every train?

    <p>Trackside ATS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Onboard ATP system?

    <p>To ensure continuous control of the train speed according to the safety profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC in terms of communication?

    <p>Bidirectional communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is replaced by CBTC in terms of interlocking?

    <p>HW-based interlocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC in terms of block principle?

    <p>Moving block principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum headway time possible with CBTC?

    <p>Less than 90 sec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Data communication system in CBTC?

    <p>To facilitate communication between the wayside and onboard systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the continuous calculation and communication of status by trains in a CBTC system?

    <p>To define the points on the line that must never be passed by the other trains on the same track</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a CBTC function?

    <p>Manual control of train speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a CBTC system and a conventional fixed block system?

    <p>CBTC systems use moving blocks, while fixed block systems use fixed blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC systems in terms of communication?

    <p>CBTC systems use radio communication, which is more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for ensuring passenger safety in metro railway systems?

    <p>Ensuring centralized control and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is replaced by CBTC systems in terms of interlocking?

    <p>Interlocking systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of CBTC systems in terms of block principle?

    <p>CBTC systems use moving blocks, which are more reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dividing the railway line into blocks?

    <p>To allow multiple trains to use the same line safely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of interlocking in railway signalling?

    <p>To prevent derailment by setting points and crossings within safety limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum headway time possible with CBTC systems?

    <p>The minimum headway time is dependent on the specific CBTC system implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of centralized traffic control?

    <p>Increasing the line capacity by allowing single-operator control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metro systems in India uses a CBTC system from Alstom?

    <p>Lucknow Metro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of train detection in railway signalling?

    <p>To determine the location of trains for safe operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of signals in railway signalling?

    <p>To provide information to drivers about stopping and speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of block working in railway signalling?

    <p>To allow multiple trains to use the same line safely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of automatic block signalling?

    <p>To allow multiple trains to use the same line safely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA)?

    <p>To remotely monitor and control traction substations and other related facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'Stick Lock' in the interlocking system?

    <p>To lock the turnouts on the set route for a specific time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Train Radio System?

    <p>For Controllers and Train crew to communicate with each other and exchange data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Transponder in the ATC Device?

    <p>To send information to trains for position correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Yard Radio System?

    <p>To communicate between station staff and on-board crew during shunting in yard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Track Lock in the interlocking system?

    <p>To lock the turnouts when the train is on the track circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Train Protection Radio?

    <p>To alert the train operator to stop and protect a running train in the event of an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the device which controls signal aspects and turnouts of stations?

    <p>To control train operation management from a control centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of the Moving Block system over the Fixed Block system?

    <p>Reduced headway between consecutive trains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the protected area established by the wayside equipment in a Moving Block system?

    <p>Limit of Movement Authority (LMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that affects the safety margin for location uncertainty in a Moving Block system?

    <p>Accuracy of the odometry system in the train</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of a CBTC system that calculates the limits of movement authority for every train?

    <p>Wayside equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of CBTC in terms of block principle?

    <p>Dynamic calculation of block boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the footprint in a Moving Block system?

    <p>To provide a safety margin for location uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the continuous updates of the train location and speed in a CBTC system?

    <p>Dynamic adjustment of the safety distance between trains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC in terms of transport capacity?

    <p>Reduced safety distance between consecutive trains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Trackside ATS in CBTC system?

    <p>To manage the traffic according to the specific regulation criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC in terms of block principle?

    <p>Moving block principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Onboard ATO system in CBTC?

    <p>To automatically control the traction and braking effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Data communication system in CBTC?

    <p>To provide continuous bi-directional communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum headway time possible with CBTC?

    <p>Less than 90 sec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC in terms of interlocking?

    <p>Integrated SW based interlocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Onboard ATP system in CBTC?

    <p>To ensure continuous control of the train speed according to the safety profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of CBTC in terms of communication?

    <p>Bi-directional communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Safety System Diagram

    • A safety system diagram includes the reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety (RAMS) of a system

    Safety Integrity Level (SIL)

    • SIL is a measure of trust in a safety-related system to achieve its required safety function under stated conditions and within a stated period of time
    • SIL has two purposes:
    • Gives an interval for the rate of safety-critical failures due to random faults
    • Defines measures to be applied in design and manufacturing to keep systematic failures low

    Safety Functions in Railway Signalling

    • Important elements of signalling system include:
    • Interlocking system
    • Train detection system
    • Point operation
    • Signal
    • ATP and/or ATC infrastructure
    • Safety functions can be considered safety functions, and SIL is associated with these safety functions, not the equipment

    Interlocking

    • Interlocking means an arrangement of signals, points, and other appliances operated from a panel or lever frame and interconnected by mechanical locking, electrical locking, or electronic locking
    • Functions of interlocking include:
    • Track lock
    • Route lock
    • Sectional route lock
    • Approach lock
    • Stick lock
    • Signal control

    Centralised Traffic Control System

    • Function of centralized traffic control system includes:
    • Indication of train position on running line and depot line with ATC route
    • Route clear situation on running line and depot line with ATC route
    • Train number of a train on running line and depot line with ATC route

    Train Detection Devices

    • Function of train detection devices:
    • Detects a train (including vehicle) on the track for safety of train operation

    Reliability and Maintainability

    • Reliability is the probability that a system will perform its intended function for a specified period of time under stated conditions
    • Maintainability is the probability that a system will be returned to operational status within a specified period of time after a failure
    • MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) and MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) are used to measure reliability and maintainability

    Functional Safety

    • Functional safety is part of overall safety that depends on the correct functioning of a safety-related system
    • A safety-related system performs one or more safety functions

    Device Definitions

    • "Stick Lock" is a lock function of interlocking systems, locking turnouts on a set route for a specific time (release time).
    • "Track Lock" is a lock function of interlocking systems, locking turnouts when a train (including a vehicle) is on the track circuit.
    • "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA)" is a system that remotely monitors and controls traction substations, sectioning posts, and other facilities.
    • "Train Protection Radio" is a system used to alert the train operator to stop and protect a running train in an emergency.
    • "Train Radio" or "Train Radio System" is a system for controllers and train crew to communicate and exchange necessary data information.
    • "Transponder" is a part of an ATC device installed between rails to send information to trains for position correction.
    • "Yard Radio" or "Yard Radio System" is a system used for communication between station staff and on-board crew during shunting in a yard.

    Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) Systems

    • CBTC is a system that continuously calculates and communicates a train's status via radio to wayside equipment distributed along the line.
    • The system enables calculation of the area potentially occupied by the train on the track.
    • It allows wayside equipment to define points on the line that must never be passed by other trains on the same track.

    CBTC Functions

    • Trains continuously calculate and communicate their status to wayside equipment.
    • The system calculates the area potentially occupied by the train on the track.
    • Wayside equipment defines points on the line that must never be passed by other trains on the same track.

    Moving Block Principle

    • The moving block principle is a refinement over the fixed block system.
    • The train position and braking curve are continuously calculated by the trains.
    • The train communicates its position via radio to wayside equipment.
    • Wayside equipment establishes protected areas (Limit of Movement Authority) up to the nearest obstacle.

    CBTC Architecture

    • The typical architecture of a modern CBTC system consists of wayside equipment, on-board equipment, and a data communication system.
    • Wayside equipment includes interlocking, trackside ATC, and trackside ATS.
    • On-board equipment includes on-board ATP and on-board ATO.
    • The data communication system includes wired and wireless parts.

    Advantages of CBTC

    • Continuous bi-directional communication based.
    • Moving block principle vs. traditional fixed block principle.
    • Integrated software-based interlocking.
    • No secondary detection needed.
    • Driverless/unattended operation possible.
    • Fully automated depots.
    • Auto coupling possible.
    • Headway less than 90 seconds.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of safety system diagrams, safety function requirements, safety integrity, and reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety (RAMS) in systems.

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