Questions and Answers
What are reinforcers?
Consequences that increase the future frequency of the behaviors that precede them.
What is the basic principle of reinforcement?
Stimulus, response, consequence.
What are the two subdivisions of consequences?
Reinforcing and punishing.
Behaviors are responses to needs.
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For a consequence to be truly reinforcing, the person must engage in the behavior more often in the future.
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If a child continues to make low grades despite praise, it means they need a punisher.
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Why might nail biting not decrease even with punishment?
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What explains Benny's vegetable eating behavior?
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What is the process demonstrated when Lucy tolerates Abby due to Allie?
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What is the most likely reason Caroline's reinforcement with bubble gum is ineffective?
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How can reinforcement be based?
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Are stickers positive reinforcers?
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Negative reinforcement is another word for punishment.
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What reinforces Marla's behavior of claiming she has a headache?
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What do positive and negative reinforcement have in common?
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Is a reinforcer another word for reward?
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What affects the effectiveness of a reinforcer?
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What is another name for a continuous reinforcement schedule?
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What are the six schedules of reinforcement covered in this course?
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What is the best reinforcement schedule for rapidly teaching a brand new behavior?
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What kind of reinforcement schedule is used when a waiter receives a tip for every customer served?
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What kind of reinforcement schedule does a salaried employee receive every 14 days?
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What effect would a variable interval paycheck schedule have on employee attendance?
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What reinforcement schedule is demonstrated when Joey makes a squeaky noise until his mother screams?
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Is another name for a non-contingent schedule a continuous schedule?
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What kind of reinforcement schedule is indicated when Benny and Elaine say I love you at the end of every call?
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What should you consider doing if a client stops exhibiting the target behavior after reinforcement?
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Token economy has been found to be an ineffective intervention.
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What must be true for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?
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Data collection is useful if you can work it in, but ABA plans do not require it.
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What is the difference between fixed ratio and fixed interval scheduling?
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Study Notes
Reinforcers
- Reinforcers increase the future frequency of preceding behaviors.
- Opposite of punishers, which decrease behavior frequency.
Principle of Reinforcement
- The foundational principle consists of stimulus, response, and consequence.
Consequences
- Consequences are categorized as either reinforcing or punishing.
Behavior and Needs
- Claim that behaviors are responses to needs is false.
Effectiveness of Reinforcement
- For a consequence to be reinforcing, behavior must increase in frequency in the future.
Misconceptions about Punishment
- Continuing low grades despite praise does not necessarily indicate the need for punishment.
Previous Learning History
- Previous learning history may impact sensitivity to consequences, influencing behavior persistence.
Multiple Stimulus Control
- Benny's selective eating behavior is explained by multiple stimulus control, varying by context (location and caregiver).
Pairing in Relationships
- Tolerance in social interactions can develop through pairing, as observed with Abby, Lucy, and Allie.
Reinforcement Challenges
- Limited reinforcement options can hinder performance; Caroline's situation illustrates the impact on behavior due to a narrow set of rewarded actions.
Types of Reinforcement
- Reinforcement can occur through presentation or removal of stimuli.
Misunderstanding Reinforcers
- Stickers as positive reinforcers cannot be definitively classified without specific context.
Negative Reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement is not synonymous with punishment; it encourages behavior by removing unfavorable outcomes.
Behavioral Reinforcement
- Claiming a headache to avoid reading is an example of negative reinforcement at work.
Commonality of Reinforcement Types
- Both positive and negative reinforcement result in increased future occurrence of behaviors.
Vocabulary Confusion
- The term "reinforcer" is not a direct synonym for "reward."
Reinforcer Effectiveness
- Reinforcer effectiveness influenced by consistency and reinforcement schedule.
Continuous Reinforcement
- A continuous reinforcement schedule is also known as Fixed Ratio 1 (FR 1).
Reinforcement Schedules
- Six reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval, fixed time, variable time.
Best Schedule for New Behaviors
- Continuous reinforcement is most effective for teaching new behaviors rapidly.
Waitstaff Reinforcement
- Tips for serving customers illustrate a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule.
Salary Structures
- Receiving a check every 14 days exemplifies a fixed interval reinforcement schedule.
Variable Interval Effects
- A variable interval pay schedule can increase employee attendance if sustained legally.
Avoiding Attention-Seeking Behavior
- Joey's squeaky noise behavior models a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, as reactions are unpredictable.
Non-Contingent Scheduling Confusion
- Non-contingent schedules are not equivalent to continuous schedules.
Affectionate Sign-offs
- Saying "I love you" at the end of conversations represents a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule.
Behavior Maintenance Strategies
- If target behaviors diminish, consider switching to a variable schedule for reinforcement.
Token Economy
- Token economies have proven effective interventions, contrary to some beliefs.
Intellectual Disability Criteria
- Intellectual disabilities require manifestation during childhood, characterized by deficits in IQ and adaptive behavior.
Importance of Data in ABA
- Data collection is essential in ABA plans and not merely optional.
Fixed Ratio vs. Fixed Interval
- Fixed ratio relies on a set number of responses for reinforcement; fixed interval schedules rely on a time passage, affecting behavior extinction resistance.
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