COPY: S3 Biology Chapter 3: Enzymes and Metabolism

Catabolic Reactions

• Breaking down reactions in an organism are called catabolic reactions.

Anabolic Reactions

• Anabolic reactions require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.

Starch Digestion

• Hydrolysis is the process by which starch is broken down into glucose during digestion.

Metabolic Rate

• The overall rate of chemical reactions of an organism is called metabolic rate.

Synthesis Reactions

• Reactions that involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones are called anabolic reactions.

Respiration

• Cellular respiration is the process by which energy-rich food substances are broken down into carbon dioxide and water to release energy.

Enzyme Function

• The primary function of enzymes in living cells is to speed up chemical reactions.

Activation Energy

• The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called activation energy.

Enzyme Role in Metabolism

• Enzymes play a vital role in the metabolism of living organisms by catalyzing chemical reactions.

Enzyme Specificity

• Enzymes are distinguished from other catalysts by their specificity, meaning they only catalyze specific reactions.

Activation Energy Reduction

• Enzymes lower the activation energy in a chemical reaction, which speeds up the reaction rate.

Biological Catalysts

• The chemicals produced by living cells to speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes.

Temperature Effect on Enzymes

• The rate of most enzymatic reactions decreases rapidly when the temperature exceeds 50°C because the enzyme's structure is altered, leading to a loss of activity.

Optimum Temperature

• The temperature at which an enzyme's reaction rate is the fastest is called the optimum temperature.

pH Effect on Enzymes

• Extreme pH can denature enzymes, leading to a loss of activity.

Optimum pH

• Enzymes have different optimum pH values because their active sites are specific to certain pH levels.

Enzyme Denaturation

• At high temperatures, an enzyme's chemical structure is changed, leading to denaturation and a loss of activity.

Enzyme Inactivation

• The process by which an enzyme's chemical structure is altered, making it inactive is called denaturation.

Enzyme Reusability

• Enzymes can be reused multiple times because their structure is not permanently altered during catalysis.

Enzyme Quantity

• Only small amounts of enzymes are required for catalysis because enzymes work by repeatedly binding to substrate molecules, leading to a catalytic effect.

Enzyme Structure Alteration

• The process by which an enzyme's structure is altered due to high temperatures or extreme pH is called denaturation.

Active Site

• The specific shape on an enzyme molecule that allows it to combine with a substrate molecule is called the active site.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• The unstable structure formed when an enzyme molecule combines with a substrate molecule is called the enzyme-substrate complex.

Enzyme Specificity

• Enzymes are specific in their actions because the active site has a specific shape that complements the shape of the substrate molecule.

Amylase Function

• Amylases are used in industrial applications for breaking down starch.

Biodegradability

• Enzymes are environmentally friendly because they are biodegradable.

Protease Function in Meat Tenderizing

• Proteases break down proteins in meat, making it more tender.

Energy Efficiency

• Using enzymes in industrial processes is advantageous in terms of energy consumption because enzymes are efficient catalysts, requiring less energy input.

Cellulase Function

• Cellulases are used in the production of stonewashed jeans to break down cellulose fibers.

Daily Life Application

• Enzymes are used in everyday life in many applications, such as laundry detergents and food processing.