Russian Revolution: A Historic Turning Point

Study Notes

Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a series of events that took place in 1917, leading to the collapse of the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Soviet Union. It consisted of two distinct phases, each occurring roughly six months apart. The first revolution occurred in February (March, New Style), overthrowing the imperial government and paving the way for a provisional government. Months later, in October (November), the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin staged another revolution, seizing power and instating a communist regime.

Background

The roots of the Russian Revolution can be traced back to the late 19th century, when centuries of imperial expansion and autocratic rule began to unravel. The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) marked the end of Russia's dreams of Asian hegemony, contributing to domestic discontent. In response to this, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto in 1905, which promised limited constitutional reforms. Despite these efforts, deep dissatisfaction persisted among various social classes due to the tsar's reactionary policies, widespread ethnic minority unrest, and the ill-equipped military that struggled in World War I.

The February Revolution

The spark for the first revolution ignited during World War I when Russia suffered significant military defeats. These losses, combined with economic hardships and long-standing political dissatisfaction, sparked widespread protests and strikes across the empire, leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15 (2nd of March New Style). After his departure, power was transferred to a provisional government, which included representatives from various political parties. However, this new government faced numerous challenges, including food shortages, labor unrest, and a weak economy.

The October Revolution

The second revolution, known as the Bolshevik Revolution, occurred in October (November) of the same year. Lenin's Bolshevik Party seized control of key locations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, establishing a communist regime. This revolution marked the beginning of the Soviet era, led by a strong central government and dominated by a one-party political system.

In conclusion, the Russian Revolution was a pivotal event in world history, leading to the collapse of an old regime and the rise of a new form of government. It was influenced by various factors such as the state's reactionary policies, military defeats during World War I, and widespread dissatisfaction across social classes. The Russian Revolution had significant international implications, particularly on the spread of Marxist ideologies and the establishment of communist regimes elsewhere.

Description

Test your knowledge about the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the collapse of the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Learn about the two distinct phases of the revolution, key events, and its international implications.