Russian Grammar Basics

Grammar

• Cases: Russian has six cases:
  • Nominative (subject)
  • Genitive (possession or attribute)
  • Dative (indirect object)
  • Accusative (direct object)
  • Instrumental (means or instrument)
  • Prepositional (location)
• Verbs: Russian verbs conjugate according to:
  • Tense (present, past, future)
  • Aspect (perfective, imperfective)
  • Mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
• Word order: Flexible, but typically SVO (subject-verb-object)

Alphabet

• Cyrillic script: 33 letters, with some letters having multiple forms
• Letters: А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З, И, К, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Ю, Я
• Letter combinations: Some letters change form when combined (e.g., "х" and "хъ" become "хь")

Vocabulary

• Common phrases:
  • Hello: Здравствуйте (Zdravstvuyte)
  • Goodbye: До свидания (Do svidaniya)
  • Thank you: Спасибо (Spasibo)
  • Yes/No: Да (Da) / Нет (Nyet)
• Food vocabulary:
  • Water: Вода (Voda)
  • Bread: Хлеб (Khleb)
  • Meat: Мясо (Myaso)
  • Fruit: Фрукт (Frukto)
• Family vocabulary:
  • Mother: Мать (Mat')
  • Father: Отец (Otets)
  • Brother: Брат (Brat)
  • Sister: Сестра (Sestra)

Grammar

• Russian has six cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, and Prepositional
• Cases are used to indicate grammatical function, such as possession, indirect object, and location
• Verbs conjugate according to tense (present, past, future), aspect (perfective, imperfective), and mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive)

Alphabet

• The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters in the Cyrillic script
• Some letters have multiple forms, especially when combined with others
• The alphabet includes letters such as А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З, И, К, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Ю, Я

Vocabulary

Greetings

• Hello: Здравствуйте (Zdravstvuyte)
• Goodbye: До свидания (Do svidaniya)
• Thank you: Спасибо (Spasibo)
• Yes/No: Да (Da) / Нет (Nyet)

Food

• Water: Вода (Voda)
• Bread: Хлеб (Khleb)
• Meat: Мясо (Myaso)
• Fruit: Фрукт (Frukto)

Family

• Mother: Мать (Mat')
• Father: Отец (Otets)
• Brother: Брат (Brat)
• Sister: Сестра (Sestra)