Questions and Answers
What does 'chernozem' refer to?
What is hydroelectric power?
Power generated by falling or rushing water
What is permafrost?
A permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground
Describe the tundra.
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What is the taiga?
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What defines steppe climate?
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What is an ethnic group?
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What does nationality refer to?
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What is a czar?
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Define serfs.
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What does Russification mean?
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Who were the Bolsheviks?
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What is communism?
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Define satellite countries.
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What was the Cold War?
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What is perestroika?
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What does glasnost refer to?
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What is atheism?
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Define patriarch.
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What are icons in religious context?
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What is a pogrom?
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What does intelligentsia refer to?
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Define socialist realism.
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What is a command economy?
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What are consumer goods?
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What is the black market?
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Define market economy.
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What does privatization mean?
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What is radioactive material?
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What are pesticides?
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Study Notes
Agriculture and Geography
- Chernozem refers to rich black soil that is highly fertile, essential for agriculture.
- Hydroelectric power is energy produced from falling or rushing water, a key renewable resource in the region.
- Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer of soil, affecting land use and infrastructure in Russia.
- Tundra consists of vast, treeless plains found in high northern latitudes, characterized by a harsh climate.
- Taiga is a forest belt covering two-fifths of European Russia, extending into Siberia, known for coniferous trees.
Climate and Demographics
- Steppe climate is defined by temperate grasslands that experience long, cold winters with sparse snow.
- An ethnic group consists of people sharing common ancestry, language, and customs, crucial in Russia’s diverse cultural landscape.
- Nationality denotes a group's legal attachment and allegiance to a specific place or nation.
Historical Context and Governance
- A czar is the title for the supreme ruler in Russia, historically symbolizing autocratic power.
- Serfs were virtually enslaved workers bound to the land, under the control of noblemen, central to Russia's feudal system.
- Russification aimed to enforce Russian language and Eastern Orthodox Christianity on all ethnicities within the Russian Empire.
Revolutionary Movements
- Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control of Russia in 1917, initiating communist rule.
- Communism is a socio-political philosophy advocating for class equality, inspired by Karl Marx's theories.
Cold War Era and Policies
- Satellite countries were sovereign nations under the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
- The Cold War signify a prolonged conflict between communist and capitalist ideologies for global influence.
- Perestroika was a policy focusing on economic restructuring in the Soviet Union during Gorbachev’s leadership.
- Glasnost pursued increased political openness and transparency within the government under Gorbachev.
Religion and Culture
- Atheism is the belief in the absence of a God or supreme being, prevalent in Soviet ideology.
- A patriarch serves as a spiritual leader within the Eastern Orthodox Church, a significant aspect of Russian culture.
- Icons are religious images or symbols integral to Orthodox Christianity practice.
Social Issues and Artistic Expression
- A pogrom refers to organized massacres and persecution of Jews in Russia, reflecting historical anti-Semitism.
- Intelligentsia denotes the intellectual elite such as educators, writers, and artists contributing to cultural discourse.
- Socialist realism was an artistic approach mandated by the Soviet government, glorifying communist achievements in art.
Economic Systems
- A command economy is characterized by a central authority, usually the government, making significant economic decisions.
- Consumer goods are essential items necessary for daily life, reflecting the standard of living in society.
- The black market entails illegal trade of goods, often at inflated prices, circumventing government regulations.
- A market economy signifies a system where businesses are privately owned, with production determined by supply and demand dynamics.
- Privatization involves transferring ownership from the government to private entities, reshaping the economic landscape.
Environmental Concerns
- Radioactive material is associated with contamination from nuclear energy production, raising health and safety issues.
- Pesticides are chemicals utilized to eliminate agricultural pests, posing challenges regarding health and environmental impact.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms related to Russia with this set of flashcards. Each card includes a term and its definition, covering important concepts such as soil types, energy sources, and climate features. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of Russian geography and environment.