Rule and Rebellion in the Bible

Rule and Rebellion in the Bible: Basic Questions

• The Bible, both the Old and New Testaments, deals intensively with rule and rebellion.
• The main questions addressed include the relationship between divine and earthly rule.
• Also considered is how to behave when there are conflicts between God as the supreme ruler and earthly rulers.
• It also addresses what forms of resistance are legitimate when secular rulers reject God.

Rule in the Old Testament

• God is depicted as the supreme ruler who expects absolute loyalty from his people.
• The story of the Exodus from Egypt emphasizes the conflict between divine power and the divinely self-aware Pharaoh.
• Examples from the Old Testament show how the people of Israel rebelled against God, such as in the worship of the Golden Calf.
• These acts were punished as they were considered a turning away from God.

Prophets and Kings

• Kings rule through God's will and can be removed by him if they misbehave (e.g., Saul and David).
• The prophets criticize both the people and the rulers when they oppose God's commandments.
• Misconduct is seen as the cause of misfortune, such as exile and invasions.

Maccabean Revolt: Rebellion or Fundamentalism?

• The Maccabean Revolt (168–134 BC) was a struggle against the foreign rule of the Seleucids, who sought to Hellenize the Jewish population.
• Some of the Jewish population supported this policy of assimilation, while others sought their religious and cultural identity threatened.
• The Maccabees fought for the preservation of Jewish traditions and achieved successes such as the resumption of temple service (Hanukkah).

Jesus Between Romans, Zealots, and Pharisees

• The New Testament announces the kingdom of God, which is to replace all earthly rule, until then acceptance of earthly rule is advised.
• Jesus distinguishes between earthly and divine rule, for example through the saying, ``Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's."

Christianity and Rule

• Groups such as the Zealots, on the other hand, called for armed resistance against the Romans.
• The Pharisees, on the other hand, relied on compliance with religious laws.
• Jesus did not openly criticize the Romans, nor did he call for rebellion.

Christianity and Hegemony

• The first Christians saw state power as ordained by God.
• Conflicts arose in particular with Jewish authorities who rejected the Christian faith.
• For example, Stephen, the first martyr, was stoned by a Jewish community.

Jesus and his Followers: The historical background and the message

• Jesus was a Jewish itinerant preacher and prophet who led a movement of renewal in Galilee.
• Jesus' message was primarily directed to the Jews and emphasized the kingship of God as redemption from Roman foreign rule, which was seen as a symbol of Satan.
• Jesus reinterpreted Jewish laws and placed divine love at the center of his teachings.
• Particularly striking was his attention to outsiders of society, such as tax collectors, prostitutes, and Samaritans.
• He demanded radical steps from his followers, such as giving up possessions and family.
• His closest followers, the twelve disciples, are symbolic of the twelve tribes of Israel and have a messianic task.

Political and Religious World at the Time of Jesus

• Galilee: Jesus worked mainly in Galilee, an agricultural region with a population of 150,000 to 200,000.
• While there was a Jewish majority, Hellenistic influences increased through cities such as Tiberias.
• Temple in Jerusalem: The temple was the religious center of Judaism and was considered the dwelling place of God.
• Many Jews expected a messiah who would usher in the end of times.
• Jewish groupings at the time of Jesus included various religious currents such as the Sadducees (aristocratic priests who adhered to the written laws of the Torah, administered the temple, and accepted Roman rule).
• The Pharisees were scribes who demanded strict observance of Jewish laws. They were close to Jesus in content but differed in their strictness of rules.
• The Zealots were a radical group that advocated armed resistance against the Romans.

Crucifixion of Jesus and the beginnings of Christianity

• Jesus was perceived by the Romans as a political agitator and was crucified around 30 AD.
• This death penalty was intended for insurgents and slaves.
• For his followers, however, the death on the cross was not the end because belief in the resurrection and ascension of Jesus became the basis of Christianity.

Theology of Paul

• Paul interpreted the death of Jesus as a saving event and based the Christian message on the idea that Jesus was the crucified and risen Messiah.
• Origin of the Church: After Jesus' death, a community formed from his followers, which referred to his sacrificial death and resurrection.
• This "original community" later developed into an organized church.

Persecution of Christians and Martyrdom

• In the early days of Christianity, the followers of Jesus were persecuted by Jewish and Roman authorities.
• For example, Emperor Nero had Christians blamed for the fire of Rome.
• Martyrs who defended their faith under torture and death were revered as witnesses of blood.
• Martyrdom was considered an imitation of Jesus' suffering and was seen as special evidence of faith.

Conclusion: From Movement to Religion

• The Jesus movement began as an intra-Jewish renewal movement and developed into an independent religion after Jesus' death.
• The belief in the resurrection and the theological interpretation of the death on the cross formed the foundation of Christianity, which ultimately profoundly influenced the Roman Empire and the world.

Martyrs as heroes of resistance

Martyrs play a central role in the history of Christianity as heroes who died for their faith.

• Their stories emphasize themes such as gender roles, loyalty, and overcoming social and religious conventions.

Gender roles and Christianity

• Early Christianity challenged traditional gender roles, as men are no longer portrayed as fighters and family heads, but as unmarried and propertyless, which contradicted the social expectations of their time.
• Women find an alternative to the patriarchal family order in consecrated virginity.
• Through their faith and steadfastness, martyrs show strength that was traditionally reserved for men.

The Legends of the Martyrs

• The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (13th century) is a collection of hagiographies and was one of the most widely distributed books of the Middle Ages.
• The stories idealize Christian virtues and oppose them to pagan vices.
• Martyrdom is staged in particular as the highest expression of faith and as a battlefield between Christianity and heathenism.

Examples: St. Agatha

• St. Agatha, a martyr from Sicily in the 3rd century, opposes the pagan governor Quintianus, who wants to force her into marriage and sacrifice to pagan gods.
• Agatha is tortured but remains true to his faith.
• Her story symbolizes resistance to patriarchal and pagan rule, with her strength attributed to Christ.

Examples: St. Sebastian

• St. Sebastian, a captain of the Praetorian Guard, was persecuted and tortured several times because of his faith.
• He is portrayed as a loyal Christian who also embodies Roman virtues.
• From the 14th century onwards, Sebastian was also venerated as an icon for outsiders and those suffering, such as a patron saint of the plague and later as a symbol for the queer movement.

Martyrdom as religious resistance

• Martyrdom is often portrayed in Christian stories as a means of rebellion against the existing order.
• Loyalty to God takes precedence over all earthly ties, including family and political rule.
• Martyrs such as Agatha and Sebastian show that Christianity can question gender roles, but within the Christian hierarchy, existing gender structures are still preserved.

Artistic and societal reception

• The portrayal of martyrs has changed over the centuries.
• In particular, the Passion story of St. Sebastian has been increasingly interpreted erotically, which has made him an icon for the queer movement.
• The stories of the martyrs serve as a means of edification as well as a symbol of resistance to oppression and injustice.

Christianity and the State: From Conflict to Integration

• The relationship between Christianity and state power has developed over centuries from persecution and rejection to tolerance and finally close cooperation.
• This development has had a decisive impact on the history of Christianity.

Early Days: Persecution and Resistance

• Early Persecutions of Christians: In the first centuries after Christ, Christians were repeatedly victims of local pogroms and state repression.
• Although there was no explicit law against Christianity, they were often scapegoated for natural disasters or social unrest.
• Imperial Laws: Under Emperor Decius (249-251), all citizens of the empire were forced to offer sacrifices to the Roman gods, which Christians refused.
• Under Emperor Diocletian (284-305), the persecutions reached their peak, including the destruction of churches and the burning of books.

Christian Behavior under Persecution

• Most Christian theologians rejected armed resistance and instead emphasized prayers for the emperor and the empire.
• Martyrs became symbols of faith and shaped the identity of the early Christians as a resistant but loyal community.

The turning point: Constantine and the integration of Christianity

• Tolerance and Support: Emperor Constantine the Great (306-337) ended the persecution of Christians and promoted the religion as an integral part of the empire.
• The so-called "Constantinian Shift" began with the Edict of Tolerance of Nicomedia (311) and the Agreement of Milan (313), which granted Christians complete freedom of religion.
• Church Building: Constantine promoted the construction of magnificent churches such as St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
• These projects marked the transition of Christianity from a persecuted minority to an established religion.
• Christianity as a State Religion: Constantine integrated Christian values into the Roman power structure.
• The empire was increasingly interpreted as an expression of divine will, and the emperor saw himself as the protector and promoter of the church.

Symbiosis between Church and State

• Church structures: The church organized itself according to the administrative provinces of the empire.
• Bishops became part of the state elite and received privileges such as tax exemption.
• Imperial Control: The Roman emperors claimed a leading role in church affairs, such as the appointment of bishops or the clarification of religious questions.
• However, this influence also led to a reduction in church autonomy.
• Material Support: Through imperial donations and tax exemptions, the church became the largest landowner in the empire.
• This strengthened her worldly power and enabled social tasks such as care for the poor and sick.

The Donation of Constantine: A Forged Document

• In the Middle Ages, the Church claimed that Constantine had given the Pope secular rule over Rome and the West.
• This “Donation of Constantine” turned out to be a forgery.
• Nevertheless, it served for centuries as the basis for the papal claim to power.

Conclusion: From Persecution to Rule

• The relationship between Christianity and the state developed from a time of persecution to a close alliance.
• While Christianity gained protection and support, this symbiosis also led to a nationalization of the Church, which continues to have an impact on religious and political history today.

The barbaric Regna and the growing Church: Change in the political and religious order

• In the transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages, the transformation of the Roman Empire and the spread of Christianity played a central role in the emergence of new political and social structures.

Religious developments and state control

• Christianization of the State Order: After Constantine, Christianity increasingly became the state religion.
• From Theodosius I (379–395) onwards, the Nicene Creed was the only permitted Christian doctrine.
• Heresies and pagan cults were persecuted as crimes against the majesty.
• Government measures: Edicts against pagan sacrifices were enforced, temple destructions were partially supported by the state.
• Theodosius and his successors introduced systematic measures against dissidents, with pagans and heretics often subjected to persecution.
• Priscillian of Ávila: The Spanish bishop and mystic was executed as the first heretic in 385, symbolizing the church's transition from the persecuted to the persecuting institution.

The "Migration Period" and the formation of new forms of rule

Transformation of the Roman Empire: The so-called "Migration Period" refers to migratory movements of Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Franks, or Lombards between the 4th and 6th centuries.

• These groups founded independent empires on formerly Roman soil.
• The Franks as Victors: The Franks, led by kings such as Childerich I and later Chlodwig I, established themselves as the dominant power in Gaul in the 5th and 6th centuries.
• Chlodwig united the Frankish tribes and defeated the last Roman commander Syagrius in 486.

Chlodwig and the Christianization of the Franks

• Baptism of Chlodwig: Chlodwig was baptized around 500 AD after a victory over the Alemanni at the advice of his Catholic wife Chrodechild.
• The baptism marked a turning point: Chlodwig used Christianity to legitimize Frankish rule and to integrate the Romanic population more strongly into his empire.
• Christianity as a political tool: Chlodwig initiated the collective baptism of his followers and thus combined religious and political goals.
• The Church became the pillar of his rule and helped in the administration and stabilization of the empire.
• Role model Constantine: After his death, Chlodwig was buried in an Apostle Church in Paris, following Constantine's example.
• This underlined the close connection between kingship and the church.

The development of Frankish rule

• Political organization: The Frankish kings took over Roman administrative structures.
• Local bishops, who had already taken on important tasks in administration since the 4th century, became central figures in imperial politics.
• After Chlodwig: After his death in 511, the empire was divided among his sons, which corresponded to the Roman legacy.
• These divisions led to internal power struggles but also enabled a further expansion of the empire.

The Rise of the Carolingians

• The House Masters. From the 7th century onwards, the mayors of the palace, originally administrators at the royal court, gained power.
• In particular, Karl Martell laid the foundation for the Carolingian dynasty.
• Pippin the Younger: In 751 Pippin III, with the support of the Pope, deposed the last Merovingian king and founded the Carolingian kingdom.
• The close connection between the papacy and the Carolingians became the basis for the later developments of the Holy Roman Empire.

Conclusion: New power relations

• The combination of Christian religion and political power formed the basis for the new barbaric empires.
• The Franks, as particularly successful players, combined the Roman legacy, Germanic traditions, and Christian values to build a stable rule.
• The close connection between church and state shaped the development of Europe over centuries.

From the Imperial Church to the Investiture Controversy

• In the Middle Ages, the relationship between church and state developed from close cooperation to a profound conflict known as the Investiture Controversy.
• At the heart of the conflict were questions of power, authority, and influence.

The Imperial Church System: Church and State as Allies

• Close Connection: In the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottonian rulers used the church to strengthen their power.
• Bishops and abbots were not only spiritual leaders but also political officials who were given royalties such as coinage and tolls.
• Strengthening of Royal Authority: The kings often appointed bishops themselves (investiture), which strengthened their control over the church.
• However, this led to a secularization of the church and a loss of spiritual autonomy.

The struggle for reforms: The church strives for independence

• Cluniac Reform Movement: From the 10th century onwards, a movement emerged to reform the church, which pressed for a separation of spiritual and worldly power.
• Important concerns were the abolition of simony (purchase of offices) and nicolaism (priestly marriage) as well as the emphasis on libertas ecclesiae (freedom of the church).
• Pope Gregory VII: The reform movement was radicalized under Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085).
• The Dictatus Papae of 1075 formulated the pope's claim to universal authority, including the right to depose emperors.

The Investiture Controversy: Power Struggle Between Emperor and Pope

• Start of the conflict: The dispute broke out when King Heinrich IV wanted to appoint an excommunicated bishop.
• Pope Gregory VII reacted with a ban and release of the royal vassals from their oath of allegiance.
• Penitential Walk to Canossa (1077): Heinrich IV had to have himself released from the ban after a penitential walk before Pope Gregory in the castle of Canossa.
• This was seen as a symbolic victory of the church over the king but led to further power struggles.
• Counter-King and Schism: Heinrich IV appointed an anti-pope, which led to a split within the church.
• In numerous dioceses, bishops loyal to the pope and the emperor faced each other.
• The Concordat of Worms (1122): Solution to the Investiture Controversy
• Compromise: The concordat between Emperor Heinrich V. and Pope Calixt II. ended the investiture controversy.
• It was agreed that the bishops should be freely elected, with the emperor permitted to participate in the awarding of regalia (secular sovereign rights).
• Consequences: The treaty led to the separation of spiritual and secular power, with the emperor renouncing the symbolic investiture with ring and staff.
• This marked the end of the close unity of church and state.

Conclusion: The Power Struggle Changes the Church

• The Investiture Controversy led to a clear separation of church and secular authority.
• It strengthened the independence of the church but also laid the foundation for the long-term alienation between clergy and laity.
• The conflict shaped medieval Europe and created the basis for further developments in the relationship between state and church.

Heresy and Rebellion: Heretics in the Middle Ages

• In the Middle Ages, heretics were people who deviated from the official teachings of the Church.
• Heresy was viewed not only as religious deviation but also as a potential threat to the social and political order.
• The church combated heresy vigorously, which led to long-lasting conflicts.

Definition and origin of heresy

• Meaning and Significance: Heresy comes from the Greek and originally meant "choice" or "selection".
• Heretics were viewed as people who chose an alternative doctrine and questioned the authority of the church.
• Early Heresies: Already in the first centuries of Christianity, there were various differences of opinion, such as the divinity of Jesus, free will, and the nature of good and evil.
• Heretics such as the Gnostics or Pelagians were condemned by the church.

The Cathars: A threat to the church

• Origin and Spread: The Cathars (also called Albigensians) were a dualistic religious community that had a great deal of influence in southern France in the 12th century.
• Their teaching was based on a sharp contrast between the good, spiritual world of God and the evil, material world of the devil.
• Rejection of the Incarnation: The Cathars did not believe that God could exist in the material world.
• They rejected marriage, procreation, and material possessions, as these would prolong the captivity of the soul in the body.

Church reaction: Combating heresy

• Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229): Together with the French king, the church waged a crusade against the Cathars.
• Entire cities such as Béziers were destroyed, and many inhabitants were massacred.
• Inquisition: The Inquisition was established to persecute the Cathars and other heretics.
• The Dominican Order played a central role in combating heresy through disputations and punishments.
• End of the Cathars: After the conquest of the fortress of Montségur in 1244 and the burning of more than 200 "perfecti" (perfected), the heyday of the Cathars ended.
• The last survivors were persecuted until the 14th century.

Meaning and Follow-up

• Heresy as Rebellion: Heresies were often seen as an expression of rebellion against the ecclesiastical and secular order.
• The church equated the fight against heresies with the protection of faith and society.
• Influence on later ideas: The stereotypes that were developed against the Cathars (e.g., secret rituals, devil worship) also shaped the witch hunts of the early modern period.
• Heresies such as that of the Cathars represented a serious challenge for the ecclesiastical and secular authorities in the Middle Ages.
• The reactions of the church, from crusades to the Inquisition, show how strongly the control over doctrine and faith was seen as necessary in order to preserve the social order.

Rebels Against the Church: Poverty Movements and Religious Groups in the Middle Ages

• In the Middle Ages, various movements emerged that criticized the church and demanded a return to the ideals of the Gospel.
• They rejected the wealth and power of the church and were often referred to as heretics or rebels, although they saw themselves as reformers.

Poverty Movements and Criticism of the Church

• Background: From the 12th century onwards, movements emerged that demanded a life in poverty and in accordance with the ideals of the Gospel.
• They criticized the worldly wealth of the church and saw themselves as renewers of the Christian faith.
• Arnold of Brescia: Arnold was a reformer who rejected the secularization of the clergy and the connection between church and secular power.
• He was persecuted for his demands, finally executed, and his movement lost importance after his death

The Waldensians

• Petrus Waldes founded a lay movement that preached the Gospel in the vernacular, lived a simple life, and questioned ecclesiastical authority.
• The Waldensians were condemned as heretics but survived underground and later merged into Reformed churches.
• Other Movements: Lombards, Humiliates, and Economic Developments

Lumbards and Humiliates

• These groups emphasized a simple life and literal understanding of the Bible.
• They rejected the monetary economy and lived from crafts.
• They criticized the power of the clergy and strove for a return to the original values of Christianity.
• Common points of criticism: These movements rejected the church's monopoly on interpretation, the connection between church and state, and the privileges of the clergy.
• Their criticism connected religious demands with social and economic themes.

Beguines and beghards: Spiritual autonomy

• Beguines: From the 12th century onwards, women lived in communities that practiced poverty and chastity without belonging to an official order.
• They criticized the abuses in the church and sought spiritual autonomy.
• Beghards: Men adopted similar ways of life and founded their own communities.
• They lived economically independently and criticized the clergy openly.
• Church reactions: Both groups were increasingly seen as a threat in the 14th century.
• At the Council of Vienne (1311/12), they were accused of heretical teachings, including the rejection of church authorities and moral norms.

Criticism and prosecution

• Accusations: The Beguines and Beghards were accused, among other things, of denying the necessity of prayers and penances, rejecting church authorities, and promoting sexual licentiousness. However, many of these allegations have not been historically proven.
• Lack of Organization: Although these movements had far-reaching ideas, they lacked a supra-regional organization to lead an actual rebellion against the church.

Conclusion: Reformer or Rebell?

• The movements of the Middle Ages, from the Waldensians to the Beguines, criticized the abuses in the church and strove for a return to the ideals of the Gospel.
• However, the Church saw them as a threat to the social and religious order. Their criticism laid the foundation for later reform movements and highlighted the tensions between spiritual authority and individual spirituality.

Ketzer persecution and inquisition: The Church opposes deviants

• In the Middle Ages, the church developed comprehensive strategies to combat heresy.
• These ranged from sermons and persuasion to gruesome punishments such as burning at the stake.
• The Inquisition became the most important instrument of church control.

Early heretic persecution

• Early Measures: Until the 11th century, heretics were mostly punished with excommunication and social isolation.
• Corporal punishments or executions were rare.
• Scholars-Heresy of Orléans (1022): An early case of heresy persecution occurred when several clerics were burned for criticizing the church.
• They questioned the role of bishops and the sale of church sacraments.

Institutionalization of heretic persecution

• “Ad Abolendam” Bulle (1184): Pope Lucius III stipulated that bishops should regularly search for heretics.
• This marked the beginning of systematic persecution.
• Heresy as insult of the majesty: Under Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), heresy was defined as a crime against God.
• The property of heretics was confiscated, and supporters were punished.
• Inquisition: From the 13th century onwards, the Inquisition was established as an independent institution.
• Inquisitors had the power to track down heretics, conduct trials, and pass judgments.

The procedure of the inquisition

• Gracefrist: Accused heretics had a short time to voluntarily introduce themselves and regret.
• Then the investigation began.
• Evidences and Witnesses: At least two witnesses were required to initiate the investigation.
• Witnesses could stay anonymous, and people with a poor reputation could testify.
• Punishments: The main punishment was custodial sentence or penance like going on a pilgrimage.
• Sentences of death by incineration were rare, but highly symbolic.

The Albigenser crusade

• Katharer as target: The Katharer were seen as highly dangerous heretics.
• They rejected the hierarchal structure of the church and stood for dualistic teachings.
• Crusade (1209-1229): Pope Innozenz III evoked a crusade against the Katharer in Southern France. Entire cities got destroyed, and thousands died.
• The Synode of Toulouse (1229) started the inquisition, so that members of the Katharer could get systematically persecuted.
• Conclusion of the Katharer: After winning Montsegur (1244), the last leading members of the Katharer got burned.
• The resistance broke down.

The legacy of the inquisition

• Organization: The inquisition was led by the Dominicans and Franciscans, who coorperated tightly with the Pope.
• With the “Ad Extirpanda” (1252) Bulle, torture was allowed so that true stories could be discovered.
• Impact on Society: The Inqusition started a climate of fear and lead to countless denunciations.
• It laid the cornerstone for later witch trials and the persecution of other religious groups. Conclusion

Chains persecution and inquisition showed the power of the Church in the Middles Ages, but furthermore the angst before ideological concurrence

• the rigorous measures protected ecclesiastical authority.
• However, left a dark trace of violence and suppression in the Story of Christianity.

The uprising of the poor: Movement of Poverty and Reform in the Middles Ages

• in the Middles Ages arisen numerous movements, who aimed at a return of the ideals of the apostolical poverty and an easy life over the Gospel.
• they criticized the Chruch for their wealth and their entanglement in the worldly power.
• some of these movement got watched later on as heretical, while others, like the Franciscans, got incorporated into the church.

Movement of Poverty and their criticizes

• Background: With the Upstieg of the Early-Capitalism in the cities of Southern Europe in the 11.
• and 12. Century increased the social tensions, who stimulated the poverty movements.
• Congruent aims: These movements underlined Vita apostolica, a life in radical Poverty and the pursuit of Chrsti.
• They critized the sacramental Transfer of the Church and appealed for Reforms.

Examples

• Waldenser: The movement, founded over Petrus Waldens, condemned the wealth of the Church and sets themselves in for priest sermons.
• it got categorized as heretical, but survived beneath the underground and later went over in the protestational Church.
• Katharer: This double movement got systematical eradicated, amongst other things over the Albigenserkreuzzug.
• Franziskus of Assisis and the Franciscans
• Life and Ideals: Franziskus of Assissi lived a life in radical Poverty and spread a single message over the worth, demise and the pursuit of Chrystus.
• He is a pattern for the reform movements.
• Integration in the Church: Although he critized the Church, Franzikus stayed true for the Pope. 1210 his order got official acknowledged, the “association of the less brother” (franciscan).
• Conflicts among the Poverty: After his dead, it came to tensions amongst the so-called “Spiritualen”, who were there by the radical poverty remained, and the “konventualen”, who represented a moderated opinion.
• Pope Johannes XXII pushed the radical Spiritualen hardly under Pressure and damned their Ideology as a ketzerisch.

Apostolist and Dolcinians radical Reform mouvements

• Apostelbrüder: This movement, who was funded over Gerardo Segerelli, preachd a life in absolved Poverty und war vom Gedanken der Endseit geprägt.
• She got hunted repeatedly, also Segerelli became 1300 got burned.
• Dolcinianer: Beneath Fra Dolcino radikalized itself the movement and fought even armament against the Church and worldly Authorities.
• The group became 1307 military win, also Dolcino and his followers got burned.
• Conclusion: The ketzer persecution and Inquisition showed the power of the Church in the Middles Ages, but furthermore the angst before ideological concurrence the rigorous measures protected ecclesiastical authority.
• However, left a dark trace of violence and suppression in the Story of Christianity.
• Revolution, Heresy and Poverty.
• The movement of Poverty in the Middle Ages are a sign for religious Beliefes and on the other hand a criticising of the malfunctions of the Church.
• some, how The Franciscaner, integrated themselves in the church and became to tools from the Reorme, while others, Like Die Dolcianianer, suppressed violent.

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