Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are systemic signs and symptoms of acute inflammation?
Which of the following are systemic signs and symptoms of acute inflammation?
What condition is characterized by leukocytosis with lymphocytosis?
What condition is characterized by leukocytosis with lymphocytosis?
Which acute phase protein produced in the liver reflects the intensity of the inflammatory response?
Which acute phase protein produced in the liver reflects the intensity of the inflammatory response?
SIRS is characterized by which of the following?
SIRS is characterized by which of the following?
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Which of the following indicates sepsis associated with septic shock?
Which of the following indicates sepsis associated with septic shock?
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What is the minimum number of criteria needed for the diagnosis of SIRS?
What is the minimum number of criteria needed for the diagnosis of SIRS?
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Which symptom is typically associated with chronic inflammation?
Which symptom is typically associated with chronic inflammation?
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Elevated eosinophil counts indicate which of the following conditions?
Elevated eosinophil counts indicate which of the following conditions?
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What is the primary characteristic of acute inflammation?
What is the primary characteristic of acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a local sign of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a local sign of acute inflammation?
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What is the first step in the process of acute inflammation?
What is the first step in the process of acute inflammation?
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Which immune cells are predominantly involved in the acute inflammatory response?
Which immune cells are predominantly involved in the acute inflammatory response?
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Which chemical mediators are essential for enhancing vascular permeability during acute inflammation?
Which chemical mediators are essential for enhancing vascular permeability during acute inflammation?
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What can trigger acute inflammation following physical injury?
What can trigger acute inflammation following physical injury?
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What is the typical duration of acute inflammation?
What is the typical duration of acute inflammation?
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Chronic inflammation can be best described as:
Chronic inflammation can be best described as:
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What is elevated in blood tests due to impaired kidney function?
What is elevated in blood tests due to impaired kidney function?
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Which of these markers is typically elevated in cases of liver dysfunction?
Which of these markers is typically elevated in cases of liver dysfunction?
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Which condition is associated with increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels?
Which condition is associated with increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels?
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Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic inflammation?
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What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
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Which specific inflammatory marker may be used in assessing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
Which specific inflammatory marker may be used in assessing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding acute inflammation?
Which of the following statements is true regarding acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is a raised autoimmune marker in rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following is a raised autoimmune marker in rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which of the following is NOT a local sign of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a local sign of acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is a key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute inflammation?
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What does the acronym 'SIRS' stand for?
What does the acronym 'SIRS' stand for?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with chronic inflammation?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary role of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?
What is the primary role of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?
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What are the diagnostic criteria for SIRS?
What are the diagnostic criteria for SIRS?
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Study Notes
Overview of Inflammation
- Inflammation is a critical immune response to injury and infection, classified into acute and chronic types.
- Acute inflammation is rapid and self-limited; chronic inflammation is persistent and long-lasting.
Acute Inflammation
- Occurs swiftly after tissue injury or infection, lasting from minutes to days.
- Aims to eliminate pathogens, clear debris, and initiate healing.
- Local signs include pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
Causes of Acute Inflammation
- Triggered by infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic).
- Physical tissue injuries such as trauma, burns, cuts, or chemical exposure.
- Immune reactions, including hypersensitivity and allergies.
- Ischemia, characterized by a lack of blood supply to affected tissues.
Steps in Acute Inflammation
- Vasodilation: Blood vessel dilation increases blood flow; higher permeability allows fluids, proteins, and immune cells to enter tissue (causing redness and swelling).
- Immune Cell Migration: Neutrophils arrive first, engaging in phagocytosis; macrophages join later for cleanup and repair.
- Release of Chemical Mediators: Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins enhance vascular permeability and attract immune cells.
- Tissue Repair: As harmful stimuli are eliminated, fibroblasts and other cells regenerate tissue.
Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation
- Systemic symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, anorexia, increased pulse, and blood pressure.
- Leukocytosis: Neutrophilia occurs with bacterial infections; lymphocytosis with viral infections; eosinophilia with allergies.
- Liver produces acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, indicating inflammation severity.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
- A clinical syndrome marked by an exaggerated body response to local or systemic stress, including trauma and infections.
- When SIRS is coupled with confirmed or suspected infection, it is termed sepsis; septic shock is related to persistent hypotension despite fluid resuscitation.
Diagnostic Criteria for SIRS
- At least two of the following: abnormal body temperature, tachycardia, tachypnea, and abnormal white blood cell count.
Systemic Effects of Chronic Inflammation
- Symptoms include mild fever, fatigue, weight loss, and specific disease manifestations.
- Elevated eosinophil counts may indicate conditions like asthma and allergic reactions.
- Potential complications: impaired kidney and liver function, elevated inflammatory markers (E.g., CRP), autoantibodies in autoimmune disorders.
Complications of Chronic Inflammation
- Linked to various diseases: cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, allergic asthma, COPD, Alzheimer's disease, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and multiple autoimmune syndromes.
Key Differences Between Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid action and immediate response, while chronic inflammation is prolonged and may lead to tissue damage and scarring.
- Understandings of these processes are vital for diagnosing, managing, and treating inflammatory conditions.
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