رتبة فرعية من الأنديسول

Cryands suborder

• Consists of Andisols found in cold environments.
• Divided into six great soil groups based on soil properties such as diagnostic horizons and saturation.
• Includes Melancryands, Haplocryands, Durcryands, Hydrucryands, Fulvicryands, and Vitricryands.

Xerands suborder

• Includes Andisols found in environments with very dry summers and wet winters, with a xeric moisture regime.
• Divided into three great soil groups: Melanxerands, Vitrxarands, and Haplxerands.
• Vitrxarands show morphological features derived from parent material of volcanic ash and sandy glass, reflecting early development due to unfavorable soil formation conditions.

Torrands suborder

• Includes Andisols found in dry environments with Torric moisture regime.
• Characterized by great soil groups containing a Duripan horizon or other features.
• Includes Durritorrands, Vitritorrands and Haplotarrands.

Information provided represents morphological and physicochemical properties of Andisols in Chile.

• Formed from volcanic ash under humid conditions with udic moisture regime and mesic thermal regime.
• Vegetation cover is herbaceous with good drainage.
• Soil profile shows diagnostic horizons including an Umbric surface horizon (0–27 cm) and a Cambic subsurface horizon (27–98 cm).
• Dominated by andic materials down to 160 cm.
• Classification: Medial, amorphic, mesic Eutric Fulvudand.
• Location: Chile.

Landform: Terrace.

Slope: 1 percent, plane.

Elevation: 17 m above m.s.l.

Annual precipitation: 205 cm.

Soil moisture regime: Udic.

Average annual air temperature: 13 °C.

Permeability class: Moderately rapid.

Drainage class: Well drained.

Depth to water table: More than 200 cm.

Land use: Pasture.

Stoniness class: 1.

Particle-size control section: 0 to 100 cm.

Parent material: Ejecta ash.

Diagnostic features: Umbric epipedon (0-27 cm), cambic horizon (27-98 cm), andic soil properties (0-200 cm).

Field moisture: Dry (0-39 cm), slightly moist (39-200 cm).

Apl: 0-4 cm, very dark grayish brown silt loam, granular structure, friable, many roots, strongly acid (pH 5.3).

Ap2: 4-27 cm, very dark brown silt loam, subangular blocky structure, friable, many roots, strongly acid (pH 5.3).

2BA: 27-39 cm, dark yellowish brown silt loam, prismatic structure, very friable, common roots, moderately acid (pH 5.7), 1% ejecta pebbles.

2Bw1: 39-73 cm, dark brown silt loam, prismatic structure, very friable, common roots, moderately acid (pH 5.7), 1% ejecta pebbles.

2Bw2: 73-98 cm, dark brown silt loam, prismatic structure, friable, few roots, moderately acid (pH 5.7), 1% ejecta pebbles.

2C1: 98-160 cm, dark yellowish brown silt loam, massive, friable, few roots, moderately acid.

Aridisols order

• Aridisols get their name from the latin word "Aridus" which means arid, to describe soils suffering from lack of available water for plant growth in the year.
• Occur in arid desert environments, and characterized by torric moisture regime, and hyperthermic thermal regime.
• May be Cryic in frozen regions that lack water due to freezing.
• Form from physical processes that break down rock mechanically due to high and low temperatures .
• Accumulation of salts in the soil due to water moving from evaporation.
• Generally contain a surface horizon of light color (Ochric) or sometimes Anthropic.

Simonson noted pedogenic processes in humid regions occur in arid regions, but to a lesser degree.

Common diagnostic features are salt accumulation horizons (carbonates, sulfates) and sometimes horizons In Situ Formation or Paleoclimatic condition.

Land classification in 1975 for Aridisols did not follow regular pattern of other soil orders and used argillic horizon Argids/Orthids suborders.

Since the 1990s, Aridisol suborders are determined primarily via subsurface properties along with thermal system and 7 suborders recognized.

Under Cryids suborder

• Is soils with cryic temperature regimes in frozen environments; it includes:
  • Salicryids which have saline horizons in the upper meter of the soil profile.
  • Petrocryids which have petrocalcic or duripan horizons in the upper meter.
  • Gypsicryids which have gypsic horizons in the upper meter.
  • Ardicryids which have argillic horizons in the upper meter.
  • Calcicryids which have calcic horizons in the upper meter.
  • Haplocryids, other soils.

Salids suborder

• Soils contain high concentrations of soluble salts, namely chlorides and sodium sulfates, appropriate for formation of saline horizon Salic.
• Occur in desert closed basin environments in wadis and valleys.
• Composed of one great group known as Aquisalids, saturated to a 100cm depth during at least 1 month.

Under Duirds Suborder

• Which have Silica accumulations that form duripan.
• Sometimes associated to volcanic soils.
• Includes Natridurids (containing Natric horizons above the Duripan), Argidurids (Argillic horizons above the Duripan), and Haplodurids (encompassing other soils).

Gypsids Suorder

• Where Calcium sulfates or Gypsum accumulates creating a Gypsic horizon.
• Widespread in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Iran.

Under Argids suborder

• Constitutes a situation that contains accumulations of minerals within the horizon, leading to the formation of an argillic horizon of the kind known as Argillic.
• Primarily is a result of creating this horizon during the ancient geological era, characterised by environmental conditions that were more humid than those that currently prevail. - Petroargids exhibit a horizon that is petrocalcic, petrogypsic or duripan. - Natriargids, horizons with sodic characterization. - Paleargids, depth greater than 50cm. - Gypsiargids, an argillic horizon containing gypsic accumulation. - Calciargids, presence of calcic accumulation,. - Haploargids, represents the inclusion of other soils.

Calcids

• High concentrations of carbonates forming calcic, petrocalcic or hypercalcic horizons. Exists in Iraq.
• Petrocalcids, in which horizons of calcic exist in 100% of layers in soil .
• Haplocalcids, which encompass the remainder.

Cambids

• Manifest processes that transition components toward subsurface, but fall short of full, evolved accumulation.
  • Possessing horizon beneath initial subsurface known as cambic, Bw.
• Aquicambids contain saturation, which has effect in 100cm section of upper layer.
• Petrocambids have amongst horizons of petrocalcic or duripan,.
• Anthracambids exhibits anthropogenic elements.
• Haplocambids. Other soils existing.

Properties of soils are indicated due to Aridisols in the United States.

Ochric epipedon exists from a depth 0-56cm in calcic horizon..

Light brown-gray, friable with granular structure is observed across depth.

Soils contain 17.2% clay, 32.4% silt, 6.4% sand and 18.3-50.4%. Aridisols Horizons and Physiochemical Properties

Division of Entisols

• Soil belonging to Entisols represent the condition of soil in which no development, or just a little of development can be seen.

This is due to the fact some surface horizontals were not located into the right classification for subsurface soils and is associated with several elements. Such as following factors.

• Dry climate which indicates lack of suitable moisture for geological, and biological proccess for development, and primarily has hot climate types.
• Characteristics of the covering area which is limited to vegetation being small, vegetation not aiding the soil to development. -Lack of sturdiness and stability of surface caused the soil having direct contact with effects from environmental conditions.
• Type of metallic content of the original constituents that form it, which often cause the pedogenic operations to have a relatively slow impact on the.
• Incomplete, there are several types of pedogenic processes are active, but inadequate.

Soil suborders of Entisols: Aquents are hydrated, Arents are more drained, and Psamments are gritty.

Aquents: Soils are characterized by wet and soggy conditions and generally have a level.

• Sulfaquents are characterized by sulfuric acid.

Psamments feature Coarse textures

Fluvents, are from river deposits with stratification and fluctuating content.

• Xerofluvents -Ustifluvents -Torrifluvents -Udifluvents

Orthents, found on slopes with erosion.

• Cryorthents, Torriorthents Xerothents and Ustiorthents

The Entisols soils are often located in different conditions, and the processes of accumulation and change, occur and lead to an increase in clay deposits

Under Xeropsamments,

Under Udipsamments

The term Entisols came to the soil due to the impact it has throughout the activities associated and helping it. Spodosols

The name, Spodosols derived from podzol which means underlying and referred to accumulation with materials

It is made up of humus, fluvuc, and humus materials along with Alumium components that cause certain features.

Those features to identify soil types includes Spodic horizons. -Aquepts with saturated soil conditions possess 0.9 present.

1:1 is predominant.

Can affect soil for tree species to increase in soil and not remove organic material for decay. Mollic: Sub order Molliolls.

Named after mollis meaning soft with 9 percent land mass .

Under hyper thermal. Organic horizons present. -Ochric is the main top.

Requires specific levels of Calcium. -Is characterized based on soils due to climate.

Under Aruolls: cryaquolls with cold temperatures

Duriaquolls that contains horizions.

And Natraquolls,Calciaquolls, Argiaquolls And epiaquolls endoaquolls . And Allbolls under Albic: Natrialbolls And Argialbolls,Reodolls And Cryrendolls.. Alfisols or Ultisols are created on conditions depending surface. Soils are high in clay and calcium.

If the rate of moisture in climate is increased it will affect the soil's properties.

Process due to melanization and its effects. Can create clay and sand structures

Underlines the fact the earths. Spodosols -Spodosols combine in its word the names such as word, wood shrapnel with horizontal soil . -The process of transferring a material named debris from humus. -1:1, and the materials of silicon and aluminum with some acidity that can be taken and moved and with humus levels as well. Can create cryc a high level. - Can be used after all soil testing has finished . Inceptisols - -Aceptaums Inception from Latin and transition to further. Can have some of the allfisols properties and possess properties in system.

Can produce in all types of climate and have soil. Aquets has one way or both of it to be.

Soils have one of main elements..

Has different heat transfer. Aricic. As it contains Cambric has 12.a -Can be applied depending on soils to use. Ultisols -Named to imply Ultisols the material known . -Occurs in humid soils.

The higher degree as high, the most it was able to occur.

Mollic has similar features. Molllsols is .

If the rate of moisture in climate is increased it will affect the soil's properties.

Process due to melanization and its effects. Can create clay and sand structures. Oxisols -Oxide, to be expressed about degree and very acidic material, that high and low and all minerals, -Found across most climate systems. -Acrortox. 1:1. -Aquitic to be expressed about degree-

A number that can also take place as part soil and the nature of it . Vertisols -It was all set to be vertic and found the different . -The cracks created, it was all in a set process . -The type as what they do as for it's a. With climate and soil being to be set there is .

Soil Survey description and Soil series in Iraq -Most soil are not highly evolved due to climate and short lifespan -Many soils in Iraq have Ochric surface horizons; the Mollic horizon is found in northern soils and subsurface horizons include carbonates, gypsum, and salic horizons -Important processes include gleization , decalcification and others but are not highly effective