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Questions and Answers
Stringers would normally appear in:
Stringers would normally appear in:
- gas state
- solid material
- bar product (correct)
- liquid form
What is evaluation?
What is evaluation?
The act of determining if an indication is acceptable or unacceptable in relation to the acceptance standard.
Which of the following is a typical weld discontinuity?
Which of the following is a typical weld discontinuity?
- incomplete fusion
- crack
- slag (correct)
- porosity
How does the visibility of a particular penetrameter hole on the radiograph relate to a discontinuity?
How does the visibility of a particular penetrameter hole on the radiograph relate to a discontinuity?
Geometric unsharpness will decrease when:
Geometric unsharpness will decrease when:
What is the purpose of a collimator?
What is the purpose of a collimator?
What is subject contrast?
What is subject contrast?
If a plate weld is exposed using a 15" source to film distance for 4.5 minutes, what time should the exposure be shot to maintain the same overall density if the source to film distance is moved to 12"?
If a plate weld is exposed using a 15" source to film distance for 4.5 minutes, what time should the exposure be shot to maintain the same overall density if the source to film distance is moved to 12"?
What is the advantage of having a source with a high specific activity?
What is the advantage of having a source with a high specific activity?
What will the placement of a thin copper filter across the beam exit point of an x-ray tube serve to do?
What will the placement of a thin copper filter across the beam exit point of an x-ray tube serve to do?
X-rays are produced when electrons:
X-rays are produced when electrons:
What would the new exposure time be if the source is moved from 10" to 15" with an initial exposure of 3.5 minutes?
What would the new exposure time be if the source is moved from 10" to 15" with an initial exposure of 3.5 minutes?
The speed of film used in a radiograph will normally depend on:
The speed of film used in a radiograph will normally depend on:
When a bar is drawn from a billet cut from an ingot, what inclusion may cause?
When a bar is drawn from a billet cut from an ingot, what inclusion may cause?
Which of the following weld processes would not produce slag in a weld?
Which of the following weld processes would not produce slag in a weld?
When the velocity of the electrons traveling from the cathode to the target increases, what happens?
When the velocity of the electrons traveling from the cathode to the target increases, what happens?
Which of the following would be used for determining the spatial resolution of a digital system?
Which of the following would be used for determining the spatial resolution of a digital system?
Of the following multiple choices, which helps to reduce radiation exposure?
Of the following multiple choices, which helps to reduce radiation exposure?
If a Se-75 source is used with a 120 day half-life and the source was initially 100 curies, what is the intensity after 600 days?
If a Se-75 source is used with a 120 day half-life and the source was initially 100 curies, what is the intensity after 600 days?
What are the two processes of photon decay?
What are the two processes of photon decay?
Which of the following densities of an IQI would be acceptable for a weld showing a minimum density of 2.21 and a maximum of 3.38? (-15% + 30%)
Which of the following densities of an IQI would be acceptable for a weld showing a minimum density of 2.21 and a maximum of 3.38? (-15% + 30%)
What is the purpose of the developer when developing radiographic film?
What is the purpose of the developer when developing radiographic film?
How do x-ray tubes vary?
How do x-ray tubes vary?
Which of the following would offer notice of radiation and help to reduce the radiographer's total exposure dose?
Which of the following would offer notice of radiation and help to reduce the radiographer's total exposure dose?
What are the characteristics of high frequency X-ray photons?
What are the characteristics of high frequency X-ray photons?
Half Value Layer is defined as:
Half Value Layer is defined as:
Where is the density of the IQI taken when using a 'hole' or plaque type IQI?
Where is the density of the IQI taken when using a 'hole' or plaque type IQI?
What is the advantage of a source with a high specific activity?
What is the advantage of a source with a high specific activity?
Shrink would normally appear in:
Shrink would normally appear in:
What happens to scatter radiation as energy decreases?
What happens to scatter radiation as energy decreases?
What is the minimum number of half value layers of lead needed to reduce a 250 mR intensity to or below 10 mR?
What is the minimum number of half value layers of lead needed to reduce a 250 mR intensity to or below 10 mR?
What could cause a dark image of the lead letter 'B' on the radiograph?
What could cause a dark image of the lead letter 'B' on the radiograph?
Why are lead screens used in film cassettes during radiographic exposure?
Why are lead screens used in film cassettes during radiographic exposure?
What is the lowest level of acute exposure that would be detectable in the blood?
What is the lowest level of acute exposure that would be detectable in the blood?
Lack of penetration will occur in a:
Lack of penetration will occur in a:
One roentgen of x-ray or gamma radiation is equal to:
One roentgen of x-ray or gamma radiation is equal to:
An example of a false indication would be:
An example of a false indication would be:
An example of a non-relevant indication would be:
An example of a non-relevant indication would be:
If the initial intensity is 175 mR/hr and the intensity needs to be reduced to 2 mR/hr, what thickness of lead would be needed if the HVL is 0.20?
If the initial intensity is 175 mR/hr and the intensity needs to be reduced to 2 mR/hr, what thickness of lead would be needed if the HVL is 0.20?
How long should an exposure be taken with an Ir-192 source for 5 minutes using a 50-Curie source that is now down to 35 curies?
How long should an exposure be taken with an Ir-192 source for 5 minutes using a 50-Curie source that is now down to 35 curies?
Which of the following will have an effect on the final geometric unsharpness?
Which of the following will have an effect on the final geometric unsharpness?
Inadequate source to part distance in the radiographic setup may cause:
Inadequate source to part distance in the radiographic setup may cause:
What is pipe found in an ingot considered?
What is pipe found in an ingot considered?
If excessive energy is used to expose a part, what will be the result?
If excessive energy is used to expose a part, what will be the result?
Of the following sources of radiation, which has the highest energy level?
Of the following sources of radiation, which has the highest energy level?
Lamination would normally appear in:
Lamination would normally appear in:
Where will a crater crack appear?
Where will a crater crack appear?
The ability to discern the density differences from one area on an x-ray to the adjacent area is called:
The ability to discern the density differences from one area on an x-ray to the adjacent area is called:
What is interpretation in the context of radiography?
What is interpretation in the context of radiography?
Which of the following would be used to determine the final evaluation of a single pore of porosity?
Which of the following would be used to determine the final evaluation of a single pore of porosity?
What is the tenth value layer?
What is the tenth value layer?
How does X-radiation differ from gamma radiation?
How does X-radiation differ from gamma radiation?
If the radiographer is in a 250 mR/hr radiation area 35 feet from the source, where will the 2 mR/hr boundary be if two half-value layers are placed between the source and the survey meter?
If the radiographer is in a 250 mR/hr radiation area 35 feet from the source, where will the 2 mR/hr boundary be if two half-value layers are placed between the source and the survey meter?
Fast speed film will:
Fast speed film will:
What does the inverse square law state?
What does the inverse square law state?
What does 2-2T penetrameter sensitivity require?
What does 2-2T penetrameter sensitivity require?
When a photon knocks an electron out of orbit and gives its remaining energy to the electron in the form of speed, what is this process called?
When a photon knocks an electron out of orbit and gives its remaining energy to the electron in the form of speed, what is this process called?
Uneven cooling of a material may cause:
Uneven cooling of a material may cause:
Study Notes
NDT Concepts and Definitions
- Stringers are typically found in bar products, indicating specific structural components.
- Evaluation involves assessing whether indications meet acceptance standards, crucial for quality control.
- Weld Discontinuity often includes slag, which can interfere with the integrity of welds.
Radiography Fundamentals
- Penetrameter visibility relates to discontinuities—size alone does not guarantee visibility, orientation matters.
- Geometric unsharpness decreases with a longer source-to-film distance or smaller source size.
- A collimator minimizes radiation scatter in undesired directions, enhancing image clarity.
Radiation and Film Exposure
- Subject Contrast measures radiation penetration differences, essential for evaluating radiographic specimens.
- A change in source-to-film distance impacts exposure time needed to maintain consistent density; for a shift from 15" to 12", time adjusts to 2.8 minutes.
- High specific activity sources yield lower unsharpness, improving image quality and clarity.
X-ray Production and Safety
- X-rays are generated when electrons bend near nuclei, releasing energy; critical for understanding imaging techniques.
- Filters like copper remove low-energy X-rays, contributing to clearer radiographic images.
- Radiation exposure reduction strategies include optimizing time, distance, and shielding.
Intensity and Half-Life Calculations
- For a Se-75 source with a 120-day half-life starting at 100 curies, the intensity after 600 days is approximately 3.1 Ci.
- Radiation intensity reduction is quantified by the Half Value Layer (HVL)—material needed to halve the radiation on one side.
Imaging Quality Indicators
- Densitometry in IQI (Image Quality Indicators) assesses acceptable density ranges, ensuring the integrity of weld visualizations.
- Developer solutions convert exposed silver bromide crystals to black metallic silver, essential for film processing.
X-ray Characteristics and Effects
- High frequency X-ray photons feature short wavelengths, which correlate with their high penetration abilities.
- Sources with higher energy levels, such as Co-60, have a greater impact on imaging quality and radiation risks.
- Scatter radiation trends upward as energy decreases, affecting imaging integrity.
Radiographic Conditions
- Weld lack of penetration can critically affect structural integrity, often inspection points.
- Inadequate source-to-part distance can increase penumbra, impacting image clarity.
- Cracking may result from uneven material cooling, a concern in material integrity assessments.
Evaluation and Interpretation
- Interpretation refers to assessing the causes of indications, vital in identifying flaws.
- Density differences assessment across radiographic images is known as radiographic contrast.
Special Cases in Radiography
- Specific measurements such as the tenth value layer, which reduces intensity to one-tenth, are critical for understanding radiation safety dynamics.
- False indications can arise from light strikes or imperfections, complicating readings.
- A survey meter assists in monitoring radiation exposure, crucial for ensuring safety during inspections.
Additional Points
- Fast speed film offers larger silver grains, enhancing image capture under various conditions.
- The inverse square law indicates intensity reduction at doubled distances, fundamental for safety and operational protocols in radiography.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Non-Destructive Testing with these flashcards. This quiz covers terminology and concepts essential for evaluating welds and indications in NDT. Perfect for students and professionals preparing for the RT 2 exam.
