RSV and Influenza Knowledge Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which segment of the population is at higher risk for severe RSV infections?

  • Infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with compromised immune systems (correct)
  • Professional athletes in training
  • College students who are generally healthy
  • Teenagers and adults with no medical issues

During which months does the peak RSV season typically occur in most areas?

  • September - October
  • June - August
  • March - May
  • November - March (correct)

What is the classification of RSV?

  • Single-stranded positive RNA virus
  • DNA virus with a segmented genome
  • Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus (correct)
  • Double-stranded RNA virus

How does RSV replicate within host cells?

<p>In the cytoplasm of host cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that drives the transmission of RSV during late fall?

<p>Declining temperatures causing indoor gatherings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of RSV infections on public health?

<p>They lead to lower respiratory tract infections and increased hospitalizations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major groups of RSV based on genetic and antigenic differences?

<p>RSV-A and RSV-B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of RSV?

<p>An enveloped virus with a helical nucleocapsid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in RSV pathogenesis?

<p>Host immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of a dry, persistent cough related to influenza?

<p>Inflammation and irritation of the respiratory tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is at the highest risk for severe complications from influenza?

<p>Individuals with chronic conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with RSV infection in infants?

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a high-risk group for severe RSV infection?

<p>Infants born before 29 weeks of gestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of fatigue experienced during influenza?

<p>Lethargy and overwhelming tiredness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In severe cases, what complication can influenza progress to?

<p>Pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic method for detecting RSV?

<p>Rapid antigen testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transmission pathway is associated with RSV?

<p>Droplet transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is particularly emphasized for high-risk groups to mitigate influenza complications?

<p>Flu vaccination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In severe cases, RSV infection can lead to which of the following conditions?

<p>Bronchiolitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adults and older children often experience which symptoms from RSV?

<p>Mild cold symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of RSV cases requiring hospitalization occurs in infants under 6 months?

<p>26% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential strategy for RSV prevention?

<p>Monoclonal Antibody Prophylaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses?

<p>They are known for their segmented RNA genome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genome does rhinovirus possess?

<p>Single-stranded RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is rhinovirus primarily transmitted?

<p>Coughing and sneezing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of influenza virus primarily infects humans and causes seasonal outbreaks?

<p>Influenza B viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the viral replication cycle of rhinovirus?

<p>It begins with attachment to specific cell receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Influenza A viruses are known for all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Having a circular genome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of influenza virus causes mild illness in humans?

<p>Influenza C viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in developing effective vaccines for rhinovirus?

<p>Diversity of strains with over 100 different types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is recommended to reduce influenza transmission in public spaces?

<p>Wearing a properly fitted face mask (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the clinical manifestations caused by rhinovirus?

<p>Common cold symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is rhinovirus classified as?

<p>Non-enveloped virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Influenza D viruses mainly infect which type of animal?

<p>Cattle and other livestock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequent genetic mutations in influenza A viruses can lead to what outcome?

<p>Major genetic shifts that create new pandemic strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of care is typically administered for severe RSV cases that do not require antiviral treatment?

<p>Supportive Care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which public health guideline is NOT specifically mentioned for preventing viral spread?

<p>Taking antiviral medication regularly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant public health challenge posed by Influenza A viruses?

<p>It can trigger devastating pandemics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of influenza virus is responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks?

<p>Influenza B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Influenza C typically leads to which of the following outcomes?

<p>Mild and self-limiting respiratory illnesses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural component aids in the entry of the influenza virus into host cells?

<p>HA surface glycoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical body temperature indicating a fever due to influenza?

<p>Above 100.4°F (38°C) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NA (Neuraminidase) play in the influenza virus life cycle?

<p>Aids in viral release from host cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

On a severity scale of 1-100, where does Influenza B rank compared to Influenza A?

<p>Lower than Influenza A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with the immune response to the influenza virus?

<p>Muscle aches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is RSV?

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) is a common respiratory virus, especially in infants and young children. It causes infections in the lungs and breathing passages, leading to symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

How does RSV spread?

RSV is highly contagious, meaning it spreads easily from person to person, primarily through respiratory droplets released when someone coughs or sneezes.

When is RSV season?

During the winter months, from November to March, RSV activity peaks, meaning there are more cases of the virus. The virus starts to rise around October-November, and cases diminish after the winter surge in early spring.

How is RSV classified?

RSV is classified as a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and the Orthopneumovirus genus, with subtypes RSV-A and RSV-B.

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How does RSV replicate?

RSV infects cells by replicating in the cytoplasm. It transcribes its RNA into mRNAs, which are then translated into viral proteins. These proteins are used to create new viral genomes, which are packaged into new virus particles and released.

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Who is at higher risk for severe RSV?

Infants, particularly those under a year old, are at higher risk for significant RSV infections. Other high-risk groups include young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses.

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What is the burden of RSV on public health?

RSV infections contribute significantly to hospitalizations and medical costs. They are a major public health concern globally.

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Why do we need to address the impact of RSV?

Because of the significant impact of RSV, especially on vulnerable populations, developing effective prevention and management strategies is critical. These strategies can include vaccination, early detection, and specialized care.

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A respiratory virus, often causing mild cold-like symptoms in older children and adults but can lead to severe respiratory complications in vulnerable individuals (e.g., infants, young children, and seniors with underlying health conditions).

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Attachment (G) and Fusion (F) Glycoproteins

Important proteins on the surface of RSV that allow the virus to attach to and enter host cells.

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Host Immune Response

The immune system's response to RSV infection can be overzealous leading to inflammation in the airways, worsening respiratory symptoms.

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Bronchiolitis

A condition characterized by inflammation of the small airways in the lungs, often caused by RSV infection in infants and young children.

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Pneumonia

A serious lung infection, often caused by RSV in individuals with weakened immune systems or pre-existing lung conditions.

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RSV Transmission Pathways

A complex process by which RSV is transmitted from one person to another.

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High-Risk Groups

Groups with higher risk of severe RSV complications, including infants under two years, older adults, and individuals with chronic health conditions.

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Clinical Manifestations

Symptoms typically associated with RSV infection, including cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, fever, and poor feeding in infants and mild cold symptoms in adults.

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How does Rhinovirus spread?

Rhinovirus is a highly contagious virus that spreads through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces.

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What are the symptoms of Rhinovirus?

Rhinovirus causes the common cold, a common respiratory infection with symptoms like runny nose, sore throat, and cough.

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Why is it difficult to create effective vaccines or treatments for Rhinovirus?

There are over 100 different strains of Rhinovirus, making it difficult to develop universal vaccines and treatments.

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How is Rhinovirus classified?

Rhinovirus is a non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family.

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What is the structure of the Rhinovirus genome?

The Rhinovirus genome is a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes a polyprotein which is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins.

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How do Rhinoviruses replicate?

Rhinovirus replication starts with the virus attaching to cell receptors, entering the cell, and releasing its genome. Then, viral proteins are synthesized, and new virus particles are assembled and released.

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How does Rhinovirus bind to cells?

Rhinovirus binds to specific receptors on cell surfaces, allowing the virus to enter and infect the host cell.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Rhinovirus infections?

Rhinovirus infections can cause a range of symptoms, from mild runny nose to more severe symptoms like fever, headache, sore throat, and cough.

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What is fatigue associated with influenza?

Influenza commonly causes fatigue, a feeling of overwhelming tiredness and lack of energy, often accompanied by weakness and lethargy.

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What are the most severe complications of influenza?

Influenza can lead to pneumonia, which is an infection in the lungs, respiratory failure, and even death, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic conditions.

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Why are pregnant women considered a high-risk group for influenza?

Pregnant women are at increased risk for severe influenza because pregnancy changes the immune system, heart, and lungs.

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Why are elderly people considered a high-risk group for influenza?

Elderly individuals, particularly those over 65, are more vulnerable to severe influenza complications due to their weakened immune systems.

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Why are young children considered a high-risk group for influenza?

Young children, especially those under 2 years old, have immature immune systems and are at higher risk of influenza-related complications.

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Orthomyxoviridae Family

A group of viruses characterized by their segmented RNA genome. They cause respiratory infections in humans and animals.

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Influenza A Viruses: Host Range and Impact

Influenza A viruses have the broadest host range, infecting humans, birds, pigs, and other mammals. They are responsible for seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics due to their ability to undergo significant genetic shifts.

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Influenza B Viruses

These influenza viruses primarily affect humans and cause seasonal outbreaks but do not undergo the major genetic shifts that influenza A viruses experience.

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Influenza C and D Viruses

These viruses cause mild illness in humans, and influenza D viruses mainly infect cattle and other livestock.

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Wear Face Masks

Protecting yourself from respiratory infections, like influenza, involves wearing masks in indoor public spaces and crowded areas.

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Avoid Large Gatherings

Avoiding crowded gatherings, events, and parties helps minimize the risk of spreading respiratory infections because it reduces close contact.

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Hand Hygiene

Frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizers is crucial to eliminate viruses and prevent their spread.

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Follow Public Health Guidelines

Following public health guidelines and regulations, such as staying informed about local recommendations, is essential for protecting yourself and others.

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Why are Influenza A viruses a public health concern?

Influenza A viruses are particularly dangerous because they can jump from animals to humans, cause seasonal outbreaks, and potentially lead to widespread pandemics.

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What is the main characteristic of Influenza B?

Influenza B mainly affects people and causes seasonal flu outbreaks, leading to widespread illness and hospitalizations.

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What are the common symptoms of Influenza C?

Influenza C usually causes mild respiratory infections and rarely leads to serious complications.

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How do Influenza A, B, C, and D compare in severity?

Influenza A viruses are considered the most severe, followed by Influenza B, then C, and lastly D, which is much less common.

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Describe the structure of the influenza virus.

The influenza virus has a segmented RNA genome enclosed in an envelope with two proteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).

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What are the functions of HA and NA proteins?

HA helps the virus enter host cells, while NA assists in releasing new virus particles from infected cells.

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Explain the process of genetic reassortment in influenza viruses.

Genetic reassortment occurs when different influenza viruses infect the same cell and mix their genetic material, creating new virus strains.

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Explain the cause of muscle aches and fever in influenza infections.

Muscle aches are caused by the body's immune response to the virus, while fever results from the high body temperature triggered by the immune system.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  • RSV is a highly contagious respiratory virus
  • Leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children
  • Significant public health burden, resulting in substantial hospitalizations and medical costs annually worldwide
  • High-risk groups include infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with compromised immune systems or chronic medical conditions

RSV Seasonal Patterns

  • Peak RSV season is November through March in most areas
  • RSV infections typically decline in April
  • RSV transmission accelerates nationwide in late Fall
  • Low RSV activity during warm months (Summer)
  • RSV cases dwindle after the winter surge (Early Spring)

RSV Properties

  • RSV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Orthopneumovirus
  • Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus
  • Categorized into RSV-A and RSV-B (based on genetic and antigenic differences)
  • Enveloped virus with a helical nucleocapsid
  • Encodes for 11 viral proteins, including fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins, crucial for viral entry and pathogenesis
  • Pleomorphic in shape, appearing as spherical or filamentous particles under electron microscopy
  • Replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells; viral RNA is transcribed into mRNAs, translated into viral proteins; new viral genomes are synthesized and packaged into progeny virions, released through budding.

RSV Pathogenesis

  • Host immune response to RSV infection plays a critical role in disease severity, with excessive inflammation contributing to respiratory symptoms and lung damage
  • In severe cases, RSV infection leads to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and respiratory failure, particularly in infants, young children, and older adults.

RSV Transmission Pathways

  • Droplet transmission: Respiratory droplets containing RSV particles expelled through coughing or sneezing can transmit virus when inhaled by susceptible individuals
  • Contact transmission: RSV can spread through direct or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, followed by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.
  • Aerosol transmission: RSV may be transmitted through smaller respiratory particles or aerosols which remain suspended in the air for an extended period, leading to airborne transmission over short distances
  • Contaminated fomites: RSV can survive on various surfaces and objects, facilitating indirect transmission when touched by susceptible individuals
  • Close personal contact, like kissing or sharing utensils, can transmit RSV through the exchange of respiratory secretions.

High-Risk Groups for RSV

  • Premature infants (born before 29 weeks of gestation)
  • Children under 2 years old with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease
  • Adults aged 65 years and older with weakened immune systems
  • Individuals with chronic conditions such as asthma, COPD, or diabetes

RSV Clinical Manifestations

  • Infants: Symptoms may include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, fever, and poor feeding
  • Adults and older children: RSV often presents as mild cold symptoms but can progress to more severe respiratory illness in individuals with underlying health conditions

RSV Diagnosis and Testing

  • Diagnosing RSV typically involves analyzing patient symptoms, conducting laboratory tests on respiratory samples
  • Common methods include rapid antigen testing, molecular testing (RT-PCR), and virus culture
  • Chest X-rays may be used to evaluate the extent of lung involvement in severe cases

RSV Management and Treatment

  • Mild cases: Oral hydration, pain relievers, rest, and monitoring for worsening symptoms
  • Severe cases: Supportive care (supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids, respiratory support, including mechanical ventilation if needed)
  • Severe cases (Antivirals): Ribavirin (an antiviral medication) may be considered but effectiveness is limited
  • Monoclonal antibody treatment: Palivizumab may be given to high-risk infants to prevent severe RSV disease.
  • Preventing the spread of RSV: Frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and keeping surfaces clean

RSV Prevention Strategies

  • Handwashing and Hygiene
  • Respiratory Etiquette
  • Avoiding close contact with others
  • Potential maternal RSV vaccine
  • Monoclonal antibody prophylaxis
  • Development of a pediatric RSV vaccine

Rhinovirus: A Common Cold Culprit

  • Rhinovirus is a highly contagious respiratory virus that spreads easily through coughing, sneezing, or touching contaminated surfaces
  • Leading cause of the common cold, responsible for a significant number of respiratory infections worldwide
  • Diverse strains (over 100 different strains), making effective vaccines or treatments challenging

Rhinovirus Properties

  • Rhinovirus is a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family
  • Genome consists of a single-stranded RNA molecule (approximately 7,200 nucleotides long) encoding a single polyprotein
  • Rhinovirus particles are icosahedral in shape, with a diameter of around 30 nanometers; composed of 60 copies of each of the four structural proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4
  • Exhibit extensive genetic and antigenic diversity (over 100 serotypes)

Rhinovirus Receptor Binding

  • Primarily binds to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family on respiratory epithelial cells

Rhinovirus Replication

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of host cells, utilizes cellular machinery and enzymes
  • Viral RNA is translated into proteins, followed by genome replication and assembly of new viral particles

Rhinovirus Transmission

  • Primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected individuals or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces

Rhinovirus Clinical Manifestations

  • Runny or stuffy nose (rhinorrhea)
  • Sore throat (pharyngitis)
  • Cough.
  • Fever (may occur)
  • Headache and body aches (may occur)

Immunity to Rhinovirus

  • Serotype-specific; infection with one serotype doesn't confer immunity to other serotypes

Rhinovirus Diagnosis

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Viral culture
  • Serology (Antibody testing)

Rhinovirus Management and Treatment

  • Adequate fluid intake
  • Rest and symptom relief medications
  • Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

Coronavirus: An Overview

  • Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped RNA viruses
  • Can infect various animal species, including humans
  • Cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory infections to severe diseases

Coronavirus Classification

  • Four genera of coronaviruses: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus

  • Alphacoronavirus: Human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63), some animal coronaviruses (TGEV)

  • Betacoronavirus: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, cause of COVID-19)

  • Gammacoronavirus: Primarily infects birds but includes some mammalian coronaviruses

  • Deltacoronavirus: Mainly infects birds and mammals

Coronavirus Timeline of Outbreaks

  • 2003: SARS-CoV outbreak
  • 2012: MERS-CoV outbreak
  • 2019: SARS-CoV-2 outbreak leading to the COVID-19 pandemic
  • 2021: COVID-19 vaccines widely available

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

  • Identified in December 2019
  • Highly transmissible
  • Caused millions of infections worldwide
  • Significantly impacted global morbidity and mortality

COVID-19 Virology

  • Spherical enveloped virus with distinctive spike proteins (crucial for binding to ACE2 receptors on human cells)

COVID-19 Transmission

  • Primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets

COVID-19 Clinical Presentation

  • Variety of symptoms from asymptomatic to mild, severe, respiratory illnesses, pneumonia, ARDS, and multi-organ failure

COVID-19 Diagnosis

  • Confirmation using RT-PCR

COVID-19 Management and Treatment

  • Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, fluid management, and monitoring for complications
  • Antiviral medications (like remdesivir or molnupiravir) may be considered
  • Corticosteroids like dexamethasone are sometimes considered in serious cases
  • Monoclonal antibodies

COVID-19 Prevention and Control

  • Vaccination
  • Physical distancing
  • Wearing face masks
  • Frequent hand hygiene

Influenza Viruses

  • Belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family
  • Categorized into types A, B, C, and D

Influenza A viruses

  • Cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans and various animal species
  • Undergo frequent genetic mutations

Influenza B viruses

  • Primarily infect humans
  • Cause seasonal outbreaks

Influenza C viruses

  • Cause mild illness in humans

Influenza D viruses

  • Primarily infect livestock and have been isolated in humans.

Influenza Virus Timeline

  • 1918: Spanish Flu pandemic
  • 1957: Asian Flu pandemic
  • 1968: Hong Kong Flu pandemic
  • 2009: H1N1 Swine Flu pandemic

Influenza viral structure

  • Segmented negative-sense RNA genome
  • Enveloped with HA and NA glycoproteins

Influenza Virus Genetic Reassortment

  • Influenza viruses posses a segmented genome
  • Genetic reassortment can create new viral combinations

Influenza Clinical Manifestations

  • Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and severe cases leading to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death

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