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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes positive freedom from absolute freedom?
What distinguishes positive freedom from absolute freedom?
Which type of choice is based on emotional considerations rather than moral principles?
Which type of choice is based on emotional considerations rather than moral principles?
What is essential for an interaction to be considered authentic dialogue?
What is essential for an interaction to be considered authentic dialogue?
What is a moral agent primarily responsible for?
What is a moral agent primarily responsible for?
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Which relationship treats the other person as an object rather than a distinct individual?
Which relationship treats the other person as an object rather than a distinct individual?
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What is one of the necessary conditions for a moral dilemma to exist?
What is one of the necessary conditions for a moral dilemma to exist?
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What do moral decisions typically impact aside from personal well-being?
What do moral decisions typically impact aside from personal well-being?
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Which of the following best defines ethics?
Which of the following best defines ethics?
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What is totalization in the context of intersubjectivity?
What is totalization in the context of intersubjectivity?
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According to Jean-Paul Sartre, what is the significance of human responsibility?
According to Jean-Paul Sartre, what is the significance of human responsibility?
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What does psychological freedom refer to?
What does psychological freedom refer to?
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Which philosopher emphasized the moral agency of human beings?
Which philosopher emphasized the moral agency of human beings?
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What is the definition of social contract?
What is the definition of social contract?
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Which of the following best describes negative freedom?
Which of the following best describes negative freedom?
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What does moral freedom emphasize?
What does moral freedom emphasize?
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What aspect of freedom is emphasized by Aristotle's statement regarding intellect?
What aspect of freedom is emphasized by Aristotle's statement regarding intellect?
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Study Notes
Freedom
- Human capacity to act (or not act) without external pressure
- Intersubjectivity: interaction between "self" and "other"
- Totalization: limiting others to categories (e.g., racial, sexual)
Moral Agents
- St. Thomas Aquinas: humans are moral agents
- Edmund Husserl: intersubjectivity is understanding others
- Aristotle: intellect influences will
- Hellen Keller: American author, political activist (deaf-blind)
- Nicholas Vujicic: Australian evangelist, motivational speaker (phocomelia)
- Roselle Ambubuyog: 1st visually-impaired Filipino graduate
- Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke: freedom within governance (social contract)
Responsibility
- Jean-Paul Sartre: Humans choose who they are, responsible for actions
- Social Contract: individuals surrender some freedom for authority
- Responsibility: accountability for actions and consequences
Freedom Types
- Physical Freedom: absence of physical restraint
- Psychological Freedom: freedom of choice
- Moral Freedom: freedom guided by human dignity
- Negative Freedom: failure to use freedom responsibly
- Positive Freedom: responsible use of freedom
Moral Choices
- Absolute freedom: absence of hindrances
- Dilemma: choosing between unacceptable options
- Practical Choice: emotional/psychological considerations
- Intellectual Choice: deliberate moral choice
- Authentic dialogue: recognizing shared humanity; understanding others
Ethics and Morality
- Ethics: systematic questioning of moral principles
- Moral agent: person discerning right from wrong, accountable
- Moral decision: based on ethics, manners, character
- Dialogue: interaction through speech, expressions, body language
- I-I relationship: self-centered interactions
- I-It relationship: treating others as objects
- I-Thou relationship: genuine sharing with others
Moral Dilemmas
- Decision-making under various options, compromise is inevitable.
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