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Untitled Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A meeting of European rulers in Austria following Napoleon's exile aimed to establish a balance of power and repress liberal revolutions.

Who was Klemens von Metternich?

Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power and was a key player in the Congress of Vienna.

What does the principle of legitimacy state?

Monarchs from royal families that ruled before Napoleon should be restored to power.

What is meant by balance of power?

<p>Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ideology?

<p>A system of ideas and ideals that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conservatism as contended by Edmund Burke?

<p>The belief that no generation has the right to destroy the contract between the governed and the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Joseph de Maistre?

<p>A French spokesman for counter-revolutionary and authoritarian conservatism who supported absolute monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Concert of Europe?

<p>A system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met to discuss problems affecting European peace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of intervention?

<p>The idea that great powers can send armies to countries experiencing revolutions to restore legitimate governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Simón Bolívar?

<p>The Liberator who led the fight for independence in Latin America from Spanish rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

<p>A foreign policy statement declaring that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the United States or Western Hemisphere countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Greek Revolt?

<p>A rebellion against Ottoman Turkish rule seeking national liberation which gained European support over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Britain's Tories and Whigs?

<p>The first political parties in England; Tories were conservative loyalists and Whigs were more liberal and reform-oriented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Corn Laws?

<p>Laws putting high tariffs on foreign grain, impacting the working class and contributing to the Peterloo Massacre.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the ultraroyalists?

<p>Emigre nobles or clergy in France opposing constitutional government and favoring restoration of the old regime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ministerial responsibility mean?

<p>The idea that the prime minister is accountable to the elected legislative body, not just the executive officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis XVIII?

<p>The Bourbon king restored to power in France after Napoleon, who accepted the Civil Code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Carbonari?

<p>A secret society in Italy aiming to overthrow Bonapartist rulers and promote liberal ideals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Germanic Confederation?

<p>A league of German states created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Confederation of the Rhine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Burschenschaften?

<p>Fraternities in German universities promoting nationalism, often radicalized in their efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Decembrist Revolt?

<p>A failed 1825 uprising by Russian army officers seeking to secure a constitution after the tsar's death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Tsar Nicholas I?

<p>The last Tsar of Russia who faced major events leading to the end of the Romanov line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is liberalism?

<p>A political ideology emphasizing civil rights, representative government, and the protection of private property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are classical economics?

<p>The idea that free markets can regulate themselves without government intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Thomas Malthus?

<p>Author of 'Essay on the Principle of Population' who theorized about population growth and food supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is David Ricardo's 'iron law of wages'?

<p>The theory that wages will fluctuate at a level sufficient for survival but not sustainably increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Stuart Mill?

<p>An influential philosopher and politician known for championing liberty and civil rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'On the Subjection of Women' about?

<p>An essay by John Stuart Mill arguing against the legal subordination of women and promoting equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is utopian socialism?

<p>A philosophy aimed at creating humane alternatives to capitalism through self-sustaining communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Charles Fourier's phalansteries?

<p>Communal living arrangements proposed by Fourier, designed to promote cooperative work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Robert Owen?

<p>A Welsh social reformer and co-founder of utopian socialism who established New Lanark.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis Blanc advocate for?

<p>The establishment of government-paid workshops for workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was France's July Revolution of 1830?

<p>An insurrection that resulted in the overthrow of Charles X and the ascent of Louis-Philippe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the parties of Movement and Resistance?

<p>Two political parties in France, with Movement seeking change and Resistance supporting the status quo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Reform Act of 1832?

<p>Legislation that redistributed parliamentary seats and allowed representation for larger towns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the revolutions of 1848?

<p>A series of democratic and nationalist uprisings across Europe, most of which ultimately failed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was France's Second Republic?

<p>A government established in France after the revolutions of 1848, which included universal male suffrage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Frankfurt Assembly?

<p>A German Parliament that aimed to create a constitution for a united Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis Kossuth?

<p>Leader of the Hungarian Revolution in 1848 demanding national autonomy and civil liberties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was risorgimento?

<p>The movement for Italian unification in the 19th century, led by figures like Giuseppe Mazzini.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are serjents and 'bobbies'?

<p>Terms referring to police officers, specifically in France (serjents) and England (bobbies).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is romanticism?

<p>A 19th-century artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion and individual experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is individualism?

<p>Prioritizing personal goals over group goals, defining oneself by personal attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Goethe's 'The Sorrows of the Young Werther'?

<p>A novel extensively exploring themes of emotion and unrequited love.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Grimm brothers and Hans Christian Andersen do?

<p>They collected and wrote fairy tales, contributing significantly to children's literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gothic literature?

<p>A literary genre that focuses on themes of decay, terror, and the supernatural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pantheism?

<p>The doctrine that the universe as a whole is equivalent to god.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sir Walter Scott?

<p>A British novelist known for his works focusing on cultural conflicts, such as 'Ivanhoe.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neo-Gothic architecture?

<p>A revival of medieval architectural styles, especially evident in 19th-century buildings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein' about?

<p>A novel that explores themes of creation, responsibility, and the human condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron?

<p>Prominent poets of the Romantic era known for their revolutionary ideas and literary contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is William Wordsworth known for?

<p>A leading figure in Romantic poetry, famous for celebrating nature and emotional expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner, and Eugene Delacroix?

<p>Influential artists known for their contributions to the Romantic movement in painting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were Ludwig von Beethoven and Hector Berlioz?

<p>Famous composers from the Romantic era known for their emotional depth and innovative compositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Chateaubriand's 'Genius of Christianity' about?

<p>A defense of the Catholic faith written during the French Revolution, reflecting on spirituality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Congress of Vienna

  • Meeting of European rulers post-Napoleon aimed at establishing a balance of power and repressing liberal revolutions.
  • Focused on maintaining peace, stability, and preventing imperial expansion or the creation of new countries.

Klemens von Metternich

  • Austria's foreign minister who advocated for international equilibrium to discourage aggression.
  • Major figure at the Congress of Vienna with goals of restoring legitimate monarchs and containing France.

Principle of Legitimacy

  • Restoration of monarchs from royal families displaced by Napoleon to ensure peace and stability in Europe.

Balance of Power

  • State of approximately equal strength among opposing countries or alliances, essential for maintaining political stability.

Ideology

  • A system of ideas forming the foundation of economic or political theory and policy.

Edmund Burke and Conservatism

  • Argued against the destruction of the government contract between the governed and governing, promoting gradual change rather than revolution.

Joseph de Maistre and Conservatism

  • Believed only absolute monarchy could ensure social order and prevent chaos.
  • Advocated for hereditary monarchy viewed as divinely sanctioned.

Concert of Europe

  • System where Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met regularly to manage European peace post-Napoleon, emerging from the Quadruple Alliance.

Principle of Intervention

  • Concept that great powers have the right to deploy armies to restore legitimate governments in countries facing revolutions.

Latin America Revolts

  • Simón Bolívar led the independence movement across Latin America, securing freedom from Spanish rule for countries like Mexico and Peru.

Monroe Doctrine

  • Foreign policy statement asserting that European nations should not interfere in the affairs or development of the Western Hemisphere.

Greek Revolt

  • Rebellion against Ottoman rule fueled by national sentiment, initially viewed negatively but later supported by European powers, leading to the defeat of the Ottoman fleet in 1827.

Britain's Tories and Whigs

  • Originated as the first political parties in England; Tories were conservative and loyal to monarchy, while Whigs were liberal and reform-oriented.

Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre

  • The Corn Law of 1815 imposed high tariffs on foreign grain, exacerbating struggles for the working class; the Peterloo Massacre resulted from a protest, leading to government repression.

Ultraroyalists

  • Emigre nobles and clergy in France opposed constitutional government, favoring restoration of the old regime.

Ministerial Responsibility

  • Principle that the prime minister is accountable to the elected legislative body, not the executive officer.

Louis XVIII and Charles X

  • Bourbon restoration post-Napoleon; Louis XVIII accepted the Civil Code, while Charles X aligned with ultraroyalists and faced opposition.

Carbonari

  • Secret society aiming to overthrow Bonapartist rulers and promoting liberal patriotism.

Germanic Confederation

  • League of German states created by the Congress of Vienna, succeeding the Confederation of the Rhine.

Burschenschaften

  • University fraternities advocating nationalism, known for radical actions and events celebrating key historical anniversaries.

Decembrist Revolt

  • Failed uprising in 1825 by Russian army officers seeking constitutional governance, suppressed forcefully with leaders executed.

Tsar Nicholas I

  • The last Tsar of Russia who ended the Romanov line and faced pivotal moments during World War I.

Liberalism

  • Political ideology emphasizing civil rights, representative governance, and private property, gaining popularity among the middle class during the Enlightenment.

Classical Economics

  • Concept advocating that free markets can self-regulate without intervention.

Thomas Malthus

  • Economist known for his theory that population growth outpaces food production, leading to scarcity and potential crisis.

David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages"

  • Theory stating that wages fluctuate around a level sufficient for survival, failing to continuously increase.

John Stuart Mill

  • Influential philosopher advocating for individual liberty and critical of excessive state control, contributing significantly to liberal thought.

On the Subjection of Women

  • Early feminist essay by John Stuart Mill arguing against women's legal subordination and advocating for gender equality in education.

Utopian Socialism

  • Movement initiated by Charles Fourier seeking humane social structures as alternatives to industrial capitalism through cooperative communities.

Charles Fourier's Phalansteries

  • Communal living arrangements founded on shared property and free regulation among residents.

Robert Owen's New Lanark

  • Social reformist Owen made New Lanark a model of industrial progress and communal living.

Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan

  • Blanc advocated for government-funded worker-operated workshops, while Tristan championed women's rights and equality, both pivotal in social reform discussions.

France's July Revolution of 1830

  • Revolution resulting in the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe as king.

Parties of Movement and Resistance

  • Two political factions in France’s Chamber of Deputies; Movement favored reforms while Resistance believed no changes were needed.

Reform Act of 1832

  • Legislation redistributing seats in the House of Commons, enhancing representation for larger towns and cities by eliminating 'rotten boroughs'.

Revolutions of 1848

  • Series of democratic and nationalist uprisings across Europe, ultimately leading to failure in many regions, including Germany and Austria.

France's Second Republic

  • Established a democratic republican government with universal male suffrage following the 1848 revolution.

Frankfurt Assembly

  • Gathering aimed at drafting a constitution for a unified Germany, reflecting liberal and nationalist aspirations.

Louis Kossuth

  • Leader of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution seeking national autonomy and civil liberties but faced resistance from the Austrian monarchy.

Risorgimento, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Young Italy

  • Movement aimed at unifying Italy, with Mazzini as a key figure promoting republican ideals and insurrection against conservative rule.

Romanticism

  • Art and literary movement prioritizing emotion and individual experience over rationalism, influential through the 19th century.

Individualism

  • Ideological focus on personal goals and identities rather than collective group identities, emphasizing self-definition.

Gothic Literature

  • Genre characterized by themes of decay, chaos, and mystery, often incorporating supernatural elements and intense emotions.

Pantheism

  • Belief system positioning the universe or nature itself as divine.

Sir Walter Scott

  • Renowned British novelist known for narratives exploring cultural conflicts, celebrated for romanticizing medieval society.

Neo-Gothic Architecture

  • Architectural revival inspired by medieval styles, reflected in structures like cathedrals and public buildings.

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