ch 2

<p>A logically sound but incorrect conclusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are inseparable in the scientific process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased representation of various backgrounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All living things require energy; Ducks are living things; Therefore, ducks require energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth in the number of Black Americans becoming psychologists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variables are not related at all. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second variable increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tiredness increases as hours of sleep decrease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a weak negative correlation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hours of sleep and shoe size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlations can predict values but do not imply causation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the research for quality and validity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature and ice cream sales. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flaws in the study's design and methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation is not synonymous with causation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps ensure that research findings can be verified (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make scientists more likely to adopt the findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'replication crisis' questioning the reliability of original studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The research's contribution to advancing knowledge in the field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be weeded out from publication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the conclusions are reasonable based on observed data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the validity of the data collected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Driving cautiously while being followed by a police car. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfering with the subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naming the chimpanzees instead of using numbers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased accuracy of observed behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conducting research in artificial settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social hierarchies and interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become more cautious than usual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They experience shared sensory experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants may experience significant life changes that lead to dropout. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The findings may not generalize to the larger population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide insight into shared brain functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life changes and personal reasons may lead participants to withdraw. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong positive relationship between the variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical or case study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can gather a rich amount of detailed information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To explore unique psychological phenomena. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation does not imply causation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjust their sample to ensure it still represents the larger population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The application of findings from a study to a broader population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to a comprehensive understanding of shared behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They take years or decades to complete. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the correlation coefficient approaches 0. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A method used to advance scientific knowledge. It involves testing ideas against real-world observations, leading to more ideas that are further tested.

Reasoning that starts with a general statement (hypothesis) and uses it to deduce specific conclusions about the real world.

Reasoning that starts with observations of the real world and uses them to induce a general conclusion or idea.

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, often based on previous observations and research.

The process of gathering information through observation, experimentation, or data collection.

The belief that scientific knowledge is advanced through a continuous cycle of questioning, testing, and refining ideas.

The use of logic to arrive at a conclusion based on a hypothesis.

A statement that is generally accepted as true, often based on a large body of evidence.

A research approach that intensely focuses on a single person or a small group, providing rich insights into specific cases.

The benefit of case studies is also their drawback. Focusing on unique individuals can make it challenging to apply findings to the broader population.

Understanding how the brain processes and utilizes sensory information from the world around us.

Identical twins with a rare condition where they share some sensory experiences and motor control.

Twins with a shared brain are valuable subjects for neurological research due to their unique condition.

The study of individuals with rare characteristics, such as twins sharing a brain, can provide unique insights into brain function and behavior.

The ongoing research on Krista and Tatiana aims to understand how the brain utilizes sensory information.

A research method that involves observing behaviors in their natural setting without interference.

The tendency for people to act differently when they know they are being watched.

The accuracy of information collected in naturalistic observation, as it occurs in a natural setting.

A potential criticism of naturalistic observation, where the researcher's influence on subjects may compromise objectivity.

Studying animal behavior in their natural environment.

The social structure and interactions within a group of animals.

The key advantage of naturalistic observation, providing authentic data.

Maintaining a distance from subjects to avoid influencing their natural behavior.

The reduction in the number of research participants in a study due to dropouts.

A research method that involves studying the same individuals over a long period of time.

A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

A relationship between two or more variables where a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable.

A research method that examines the relationship between variables without manipulating any of them.

The phenomenon where people who are already participating in a study are likely to continue participating.

The tendency for participants in a study to change their behavior or responses simply because they know they are being observed.

A phenomenon where the results of a study are influenced by the expectations of the researcher.

When two variables move in the same direction, meaning an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other, and vice versa.

When two variables move in opposite directions, meaning an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other, and vice versa.

The predictive value of a correlation helps to understand how one variable can be used to predict the value of another variable.

A coefficient of correlation is a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship.

The example of ice cream and crime rates is an example of a positive correlation. Both variables increase when temperatures are warmer.

A study by the University of Minnesota found a weak negative correlation between students getting fewer than 5 hours of sleep per week and their GPAs.

A system for evaluating research before publication, involving experts in the field who assess its design, methods, and conclusions.

Scientists repeat a published experiment using different participants to see if the original results are reliable. This builds confidence in scientific findings.

If multiple researchers fail to replicate the findings of an original study, it casts doubt on the original study's validity. This can lead to further research to clarify the results.

Publishing research that is not well-designed or conducted ethically can lead to wasted resources and a misrepresentation of scientific knowledge.

Peer reviewers look for flaws in the study's methodology, such as problems with data collection, analysis, or interpretation.

Peer reviewers evaluate the research's contribution to the field of knowledge, determining how it advances the understanding of a topic.

Peer review is a process of critical evaluation by experts in the field, ensuring quality and reliability in scientific research.

The 'replication crisis' refers to a growing concern about the reproducibility of research findings in various scientific fields, including psychology.