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What is one of the main functions of a router?
Routers do not require an operating system to function properly.
False
What does a router use to determine the best path for sending packets?
Routing tables
Routers connect devices by acting as a default __________.
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Which of the following components is NOT found in a router?
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Name one type of memory found in routers.
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Match the following router functions to their descriptions:
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Routers can only use static routes to learn about remote networks.
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Which command is used to verify the operation and configuration of interfaces?
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A metric is used to measure the distance to a given network.
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What is the primary goal of packet routing?
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What is the purpose of a default gateway?
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A default gateway can only be set for devices on the same local network.
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The best path to a network is the path with the lowest _____ used to determine distance.
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Match the following commands with their functions:
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What should be included in network documentation?
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On a switch, the management IP address is assigned on a ______.
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What is required to forward a packet to the next hop?
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Show commands provide limited information on interface configurations.
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Match the following tasks with their purpose:
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What command must be used to activate a router interface?
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What determines the best path in a routing protocol?
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All router interfaces are activated by default.
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What is an optional feature that can be included when configuring a router interface?
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Which dynamic routing protocol uses hop count as its metric?
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) uses bandwidth as a metric for path selection.
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What is the primary feature of equal cost load balancing in routing?
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A directly connected route has an Administrative Distance (AD) of _____ and is considered the most reliable.
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Match the routing protocol with its respective metric:
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What command is used to display the contents of a routing table?
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The path with the highest Administrative Distance (AD) is selected in a routing table.
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What kind of information is contained in a routing table?
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What entry is created when an active, configured directly connected interface is present in the routing table?
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Static routes need manual updates when the network topology changes.
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What command is used to configure a static route?
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A default static route is used when the routing table does not contain a path for a ______.
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Match the following routing table entry types with their descriptions:
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Which of the following routing sources is automatically added when a route is manually configured?
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A newly deployed router without any configured interfaces has a routing table filled with entries.
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Name one benefit of using static routes.
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What component in a router is responsible for processing data?
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Routers can only connect to one network at a time.
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What information must devices be configured with to enable network access?
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Routers use __________ and dynamic routing protocols to build their routing tables.
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Match the router components to their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes the role of routing tables in a router?
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What operating system do most routers use?
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A router encapsulates packets before forwarding them to their destination.
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What must be done to make a router interface available?
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The default gateway is used when a packet's destination is not on the same local network subnet.
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Name one basic task to configure on a Cisco Router or Switch.
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A management IP address on a switch is assigned on a ______ interface.
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Match the following network documentation components with their description:
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What is one of the purposes of configuring a banner on a Cisco Router?
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All interfaces on a router are activated by default.
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What command is used to secure management access on a Cisco device?
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Which command provides a summary of interface status and IP addresses?
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A metric used in routing protocols indicates the longest distance to a network.
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What is the purpose of forwarding a packet to the next hop?
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The best path to a network is determined by the routing __________.
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Match the following show commands with their descriptions:
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What is the correct sequence of steps a router takes to send a packet to its destination?
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The 'show interfaces' command provides limited details on interfaces.
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What is a metric in the context of routing protocols?
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What type of entry is created when an interface is configured and active on a router?
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Static routes are automatically updated when network topology changes.
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Which routing protocol uses cumulative bandwidth as its cost metric?
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Equal cost load balancing can only be configured with dynamic routing protocols.
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What command is used to configure a static route in a router?
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What is the primary function of the show ip route command?
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A default static route is used when the routing table does not contain a path for a __________ network.
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Match the following routing table entry types with their descriptions:
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A statically configured route has an Administrative Distance (AD) of _____, making it more reliable than EIGRP-discovered routes.
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Which routing protocol can add routes dynamically to the routing table?
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Match the routing protocols with their respective metrics:
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What type of route has an Administrative Distance (AD) of 0?
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Manually configured static routes improve control of resources.
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A routing table contains information about directly connected routes only.
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Name the two routing table entries created by an active, configured directly connected interface.
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What does the term 'Administrative Distance' (AD) refer to in routing?
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Study Notes
Router's Role
- Routers are responsible for routing traffic between networks.
Router Functionality
- Routers are specialized computers with components like CPU, OS, and memory.
- Cisco routers use Cisco IOS as their OS.
- Routers connect multiple networks through their multiple interfaces, each on a different IP network.
Path Selection
- Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols to learn about remote networks and create their routing tables.
- Routing tables are used to determine the best path for sending packets.
- Routers encapsulate packets and forward them to the interface indicated in the routing table.
Connecting Devices
- Devices on a network need an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for connection with the router.
- The default gateway instructs the router to direct packets to the destination when it's not on the same local network subnet.
Documenting Network Addressing
- Network documentation should include device names, interfaces, IP addresses with subnet masks, and default gateways.
Enabling IP on a Switch
- Network infrastructure devices need IP addresses for remote management.
- On a switch, the management IP address is assigned to a virtual interface.
Basic Router Settings
- Configure basic settings like device name, secure management access, configure banner, and save configuration.
- Ensure to configure a banner to provide legal notification about unauthorized access.
Router Interface Configuration
- To make a router interface available, configure it with an address and subnet mask.
- Activate the interface using the no shutdown command.
- By default, LAN and WAN interfaces are not activated.
- Optional description can be included for the interface.
Verifying Connectivity
- Use show commands to verify interface configuration and operation, including:
-
show ip interfaces brief
-
show ip route
-
show running-config
-
- Use more detailed show commands for more in-depth interface information:
-
show interfaces
-
show ip interfaces
-
Packet Switching
- Routers forward packets between networks, following these steps:
- Send a Packet: The packet's destination IP address is checked against the routing table for a known route.
- Forward to the Next Hop: Choosing the best path, the router encapsulates the packet with the next hop's IP address, and forwards it.
- Packet Routing: The router examines the destination network and then forwards the packet to the next hop.
- Reach the Destination: The forwarding process continues until the packet reaches the final destination.
Path Determination
- Routers use routing protocols to choose the best path for traffic.
- Routing Decisions: Each router uses its own metric to determine the best path.
- Best Path: The best path has the lowest network distance as measured by the metric.
-
Dynamic Routing Protocols:
- RIP uses hop count as the metric.
- OSPF measures distance based on total bandwidth from source to destination.
- EIGRP utilizes bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability as its metric.
-
Load Balancing: If two or more paths have the same cost metric, the router forwards traffic equally across these paths, improving network performance.
- This is supported by RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP.
Administrative Distance
- Administrative distance (AD) determines path priority when a router has multiple paths to the same destination.
- A lower AD indicates a more reliable path.
- For example, a static route with an AD of 1 is more preferred than an EIGRP-discovered route with an AD of 90.
- Directly connected routes have an AD of 0, making them the most reliable option.
Routing Table
- The routing table holds information about directly connected interfaces, remote routes, and the network or next hop associations.
- The
show ip route
command displays the routing table.
Routing Table Sources
- Routing table entries come from various sources:
- Local Routes: Automatically added when an interface is configured.
- Directly Connected Interfaces: Added when an interface is configured and active.
- Static Routes: Manually configured, requiring updates if the topology changes.
- Dynamic Routing Protocols: Added when protocols like EIGRP or OSPF identify networks.
Remote Network Routing Entries
- The routing table entry includes:
- Network: Represents the destination network.
- Subnet Mask: Defines the network portion of the IP address.
- Next Hop: The IP address of the next router or device on the path.
- Metric: The value used to measure the distance to the destination.
- Protocol: Identifies the method used to learn the route.
Directly Connected Routes
- When a router is deployed with no configured interfaces, it has an empty routing table.
- A configured and activated interface creates two routing table entries:
- Link Local (L): Associates the router interface with an address on the same local network.
- Directly Connected (C): Indicates the directly connected network and subnet mask.
Static Routes
- After directly connected interfaces are added, static routes can be manually configured to define explicit paths between devices.
- They offer improved security and control but require updates if the topology changes.
Default Static Route
- Use a default static route when the routing table lacks a specific path for a destination network.
- Configure static routes using the
ip route network mask {next-hop-ip | exit-intf}
command.
Router Functions
- Routers are specialized computers, with a CPU, operating system (Cisco IOS), and memory (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard drive).
- Routers connect multiple networks through their interfaces, each on a different IP network.
- Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols to build their routing tables and determine the best path to send packets.
- Routers encapsulate the packet and forward it to the interface indicated in the routing table.
Routing Decisions
- Routers use metrics to determine the distance to a given network, with the lowest metric being the best path.
- Dynamic routing protocols include RIP (Hop count), OSPF (Cost based on cumulative bandwidth), and EIGRP (Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability).
- Equal cost load balancing can improve network performance by forwarding packets equally across multiple paths with equal cost metrics.
Routing Table
- The routing table is stored in RAM and contains information about directly connected routes, remote routes, and network or next hop associations.
- The routing table can be displayed using the
show ip route
command. - Entries originate from local route interfaces, directly connected interfaces, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols.
Directly Connected Routes
- Newly deployed routers with no configured interfaces have an empty routing table.
- An active, configured, directly connected interface creates two routing table entries: Link Local (L) and Directly Connected (C).
Statically Learned Routes
- Static routes are manually configured, defining an explicit path between devices.
- They must be manually updated if the topology changes but offer improved security and control of resources.
- Configure a static route to a specific network using the
ip route network mask {next-hop-ip | exit-intf}
command. - A default static route is used when no path exists for a destination network.
- The Administrative Distance (AD) is used to determine the most reliable path when multiple paths exist to a destination; lower AD values are more reliable.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential roles and functionalities of routers, including their components and how they select paths for data packets. You'll explore static and dynamic routing protocols, as well as the importance of routing tables and network documentation. Test your knowledge on the fundamental aspects of routers in networking.