Roundworms & Thorny-Headed Worms

• This document details various parasitic roundworms (Nematoda) and thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), outlining their hosts, intermediate hosts, locations in the body, and associated diseases.

Suborder Strongylida

Family Dictyocaulidae (Monoxenous)

• Dictyocaulus filaria: Infects sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and camelids, resides in the bronchi, and causes catarrhal parasitic bronchitis.
• D. viviparus: Infects large ruminants like deer and cattle, localizes in the bronchi, and causes bovine parasitic bronchitis.
• D. arnfieldi: Found in horses, donkeys, zebras, and tapirs (Equids), located in the Bronchi and causes coughing, and nasal discharge.

Family Metastrongylidae

• Metastrongylus elongatus: Infects pigs and wild boars, uses earthworms as intermediate hosts, resides in the Bronchi and bronchioles, and causes verminous bronchitis and nodule formation in the lungs.
• M. pudendotectus: Localizes in the Bronchi and bronchioles and causes verminous bronchitis and nodule formation in the lungs.
• M. salmi: Localizes in the Bronchi and bronchioles and causes verminous bronchitis and nodule formation in the lungs.

Family Protostrongylidae

• Protostrongylus rufescens: Infects sheep, goats, deer, and wild ruminants, uses snails as intermediate hosts, resides in the small bronchioles, and causes lobular pneumonia.
• Muellerius capillaris: Affects Lung parenchyma and causes Nodular formation in lung parenchyma.

Family FIlaroididae

• Cystocaulus nigrescens: Found in sheep and goats causes lobular pneumonia
• Oslerus osleri (Filaroides osleri): Infects dogs and wild canids, resides in the trachea and bronchi, and causes granuloma formation.
• Filaroides hirthi: Affects dogs, localizes in the Lung parenchyma and causes Focal granulomatous reaction.
• Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: Infects cats, uses snails and slugs as intermediate hosts, resides in the lung parenchyma, and causes subpleural nodule formation.
• Angiostrongylus vasorum: Infects dogs and foxes, resides in the pulmonary artery and rarely the right ventricle, and causes hypertrophy of the heart.
• Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Infects rats and humans, resides in the pulmonary artery, and causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans.

Order Spirurida

Family Spiruridae

• Habronema muscae: Infects horses, uses Musca domestica as an intermediate host, resides in the stomach, and causes cutaneous habronemiasis and chronic catarrhal gastritis.
• H. majus (microstoma): Using Stomoxys calcitrans as an intermediate host, resides in the stomach, and causes cutaneous habronemiasis, chronic catarrhal gastritis, and granular conjunctivitis (if eyes).
• Draschia megastoma: Infects horses, uses Musca domestica as an intermediate host, and causes cutaneous habronemiasis and formation of fibrous tumors in the stomach wall.
• Hartertia gallinarum: Infects fowl and wild bustards, uses termites as intermediate hosts, resides in the small intestine, and causes emaciation, weakness, diarrhea, and decreased egg production.

Family Thelaziidae

• Thelazia rhodesii: Infects cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo, uses Musca and Fannia spp. as intermediate hosts, resides in the eye and conjunctival sac, and causes conjunctivitis, keratitis, cloudy cornea, and corneal ulceration.
• T. gulosa: Infects cattle, uses Musca spp. as intermediate hosts, and causes conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration.
• T. lacrymalis: Infects horses, uses Musca spp. as intermediate hosts, and causes conjunctivitis and keratitis.
• T. skrjabini: Infects cattle, uses Musca spp. as intermediate hosts, and causes conjunctivitis and keratitis.
• T. callipaeda: Infects dogs, rabbits, and humans, uses Musca spp. as intermediate hosts, resides in the nictitating membrane and conjunctival sac, and causes conjunctivitis and keratitis.
• Oxyspirura manson: Affects Fowl, turkey, guinea fowl, and peafowl, uses Cockroach as intermediate host, Infects Eye, conjunctiva, and lacrimal ducts, and causes Ophthalmitis.
• Spirocerca lupi: Infects dogs, foxes, and wild canids, uses coprophagous beetles as intermediate hosts, resides in the esophagus and stomach, and causes scarring of the thoracic aorta and nodular masses in the esophagus.
• Gongylonema: Infects sheep, goats, and cattle, uses Coprophagus beetles as intermediate hosts, resides in the esophagus, and causes inflammation.
• pulchrum: Affects pig, buffalo, horse, donkey, deer, camel, man, and primates; intermediate host cockroach. Infects ruminants (rumen) and man (oral epithelium) and causes hypertrophy and cornification of the epithelium.
• G. ingluvicola: Fowl that affects the crop.
• G. verrucosum: Affects Sheep, goat, cattle, deer, and zebu. Resides in rumen, reticulum, and omasum
• G. monnigi: Sheep and goat Infects Rumen.
• Ascarops strongylina: Affects pigs, utilizes coprophagous beetles as intermediate hosts, resides in the stomach, and causes irritation and inflammation of the stomach mucosa.
• Physocaphalus sexalatus: Infects pigs, camels, rabbits, and hares.
• Simondsia paradoxia: Infects pigs, and warthogs and causes nodule formation on the mucosal crypts and chronic gastritis.

Family Acuridae

• Cheilospirura hamulosa: Infects chickens and turkeys, uses grasshoppers, beetles, and weevils as intermediate hosts, resides in the gizzard, and causes emaciation, droopiness, weakness, anemia, weakening of gizzard musculature, and destruction of the horny lining of the gizzard.
• Dyspharynx spiralis: Infects chickens, turkeys, pigeons, and guinea fowl, uses isopods as intermediate hosts, resides in the proventriculus and esophagus, and causes inflammation and thickening of the mucosa.
• Echinuria uncinata: Pheasant, other birds causes formation of deep ulceration, loss of weight despite voracious weakness, and anemia. Affects duck, goose, swan, and wild aquatic birds, uses water fleas as intermediate hosts, resides in the esophagus and proventriculus, and causes nodule formation, obstruction of the passage of food, and sudden death.

Family Tetrameridae

• Tetrameres americana: Infects chickens and turkeys, uses cockroaches and grasshoppers as intermediate hosts, resides in the proventriculus, and causes irritation of the proventricular wall, glandular necrosis, anemia, and emaciation.
• T. fissispina: Infects duck, pigeon, chicken, turkey, and wild aquatic birds, uses Daphnia, Gammarus, grasshoppers and earthworm, and causes causes irritation of the proventricular wall, glandular necrosis, anemia, and emaciation.
• T. pattersoni: Infects Quali. Intermediate host including Grasshopper and Cockroach
• Physaloptera preputialis: Cats, wild felids infects beetles, cockroaches, and crickets, and resides in the Stomach and causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa, vomiting, anorexia, dark tarry feces, emaciation, and paresis.

Family Gnathostomatidae

• Gnathostoma spiniger: Infects cats, dogs, humans, minks, polecats, and wild carnivores, uses crustaceans as an intermediate host, resides in the stomach, and causes yellow-mosaic markings on the liver, cyst and tumor formation in the gastric wall, and peritonitis.
• G. hispidum: Infects Pigs rarely man, with an intermediate host Freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles.
• G. doloresi: Affects Pig, rarely man, with an intermediate host Freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles.

SUPERFAMILY FILARIOIDEA (Filarial Worms)

Family Filariidae

• Dirofilaria immitis: Infects dogs, foxes, wild canids, occasionally cats, rarely humans, and primates, uses mosquitoes (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex) as intermediate hosts, resides in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and causes Canine Heartworm Disease, including caval syndrome, progressive endarteritis, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, ascites, exercise intolerance, and liver failure syndrome.
• Brugia malayi: Infects humans, primates, cats, dogs, civet cats, and pangolins, uses mosquitoes (Mansonia, Anopheles) as intermediate hosts, resides in the lymph nodes and vessels, and causes enlarged lymph nodes, lymphangitis, lymphedema, and elephantiasis.
• Wuchereria bancrofti: Infects humans, uses mosquitoes as intermediate hosts, and causes Bancroftian filariasis and elephantiasis.
• Loa loa: Affects Man, baboon, and monkey, uses Chrysops and resides in subcutaneous tissue, and causes Transient subcutaneous enlargements and nodules (Calabar swellings)
• Parafilaria multipapillosa: Equines Intermediate host: Musca that affects the Common carotid artery and causes Haemorrhagic subcutaneous nodules with fistulous tracts.
• P. bovicola: Affects Carabaos and cattle that affect Aorta.
• Elaeophora schneideri: Deer, sheep, and goat with tabanid flies and resides in the Common carotid artery and internal maxillary artery. Causes Filarial dermatosis ('sorehead'); blindness; ischaemic necrosis; and granulomatous inflammation of skin.
• E. poeli: Affects Cattle, buffalo, zebu with an intermediate host unknown (possibly Tabanid) that affects Aorta.

Family Setariidae

• Setaria equina: Equines that uses mosquito infects the Plurla cavity and causes peritonitis (mild to severe);
• S. labiato-papillosa: Cattle, deer, giraffe, and antelope.
• S. digitata: Infects cattle, buffalo, and zebu, resides in the peritoneal cavity and urinary bladder, and causes eosinophilic granulomatous lesions in the urinary bladder and encephalo.
• Dipetalonema dracunculoides: Infects dog, hyena with vectors including Tick, louse fly, and fleas; location is within Peritoneum and has symptoms called Myelomalacia and blindness.
• D. reconditum: Infects dogs and has fleas and ticks. Found in SC tissues, kidneys, and causes a non-pathogenic disease.
• Stephanofilaria dedoesi: Infects skin (particularly on the head, legs, teats)
• S. assamensis: Infects Cattle, goat, and buffalo that have chronic dermatitis (hump sore). S. okinawaensis: Cattle infect skin on the face and teats.
• S. stilesi: Affects Cattle and is located in the skin (lower abdomen). Haematobia.

Family Onchocercidae

• Onchocerca gibsoni: Affects Cattle including culicoides that may form nodule formation.
• O. gutturosa: Cattle and buffalo, transmit the Simullium (vector). Infection impacts the ligamentum nuchae and causes nodule formation that sporadic dermatitis.
• O. cervicales: Affects Horse and mule including Culicoides and Anopheles vectors where ligamentum nuchae are infected.
• O. reticulata: Horse, mule, and donkey including Culicoides vector. Infection of the flexor tendons.
• O. armilata: Cattle, buffalo, affects Culicoides and Simulium affect Aorta.
• O. vulvulus: Affects man using Simulium vector. Infection sites are the dermis and the eye.

SUPERFAMILY DRANCUNCULIDAE

• Dracunculus medinensis: Affects occasionally cattle, horse, dog, and cat as well as other mammals vector Cyclops affects the Subcutaneous connecting tissue that may cause ulcers especially in the extremiles.
• D. insignis: Affects Wild carnivores, mink, raccoon, otter, and dog

Order Enoplida

SUPERFAMILY TRICHUROIDEA

Family Trichinellidae

• Trichinella spiralis: Infects humans, pigs, rats, and horses, resides in skeletal muscle and the small intestine, and causes diarrhea, enteritis, retroperitoneal pain, stiffness, dyspnea, hoarseness, edema of eyelids and face, and deafness.

Family Trichuridae

• Trichuris ovis: Infects goats, sheep, cattle, and other ruminants, resides in the cecum.
• T. discolor: Affects Ox, zebra, buffalo, sheep, and goat
• T. globulosa: Infects camel, sheep, goats, cattle, and other ruminants and resides in the Caecum.
• T. vulpis: Dog, fox, includes Loss of weight, unthriftiness, bloody feces, sometimes anemia and jaundice
• T. campanula: Cat
• T. suis: Infections of pigs and wild boar cause inflammation, Anemia, dehydration, anorexia, dysentery, and caecitis.
• T. trichiura: Affects Man, and primates

Family Capillariidae

• Capillaria caudinflata: Infects fowl, pigeon, and wild birds, uses earthworms as intermediate hosts, resides in the duodenum and ileum, and causes emaciation, diarrhea, and hemorrhagic enteritis.
• C. obsignata: Intermediate host including earthworm that resides in the crop and esophagus and causes inflammation.
• C. anatis: Goose and duck that affects Caeca.
• C. annulata: Fowl, turkey, and other and location in Ceca.

C. contorta: Affects Turkey, Duck, and Wild birds

C. bovis: Affects Cattle, Sheep, Goat with location Small intestine.

C. bilobata: Zebu with location Abomasum.

C. erinacea: Hedgehog, Dog, and Cat with location Intestines.

Pearonema (Capillaria) plica or feliscati: Affects dog, cat, and fox with an intermediate host possible earthworm that uses the Urinary bladder.

Calodeum (Capillaria) hepatica: Rodents, squirrels, muskets, rabbits opossums and rarely dogs and cats with an intermediate host NONE and location is only within the liver.

Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophila: Dog, fox, coyotes, that location is Trachea, bronchi, and rarely nasal cavities and front sinuses.

C. philippinensis: Affects man using Freshwater fish as an intermediate host.

C. cantenata: Affects Bluegills and black bass, has a location of intestines.

SUPERFAMILY DIOCTOPHYMATOIDEA

Dioctophyma renale (giant kidney worm): Infections are in dogs, foxes, otters, polecats, minks, weasels, seals, and other mammals.

PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA (thorny-headed worms)

Polymorphus boschadis: Affects Duck, swan, fowl, goose, and wild aquatic birds

Macracanthorynchus hirudinaceus: Affects pigs, wild boar, and is recorded in man.