Roots Anatomy and Vascular Tissue Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of dermal tissue in plants?

Transporting water and nutrients

Facilitating photosynthesis

Covering and protecting the plant (correct)

Storing organic compounds

Which component of vascular tissue is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant?

Parenchyma

Xylem (correct)

Cortex

Phloem

What is the function of ground tissue in plants?

Storing water and minerals exclusively

Covering the exterior of the plant

Performing various functions based on cell type and location (correct)

Transporting organic compounds only

How does the structure of dermal tissue differ in roots compared to stems and leaves?

It lacks a waxy cuticle in the root epidermis to allow absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes phloem from xylem in vascular tissue?

Phloem transports nutrients while xylem transports water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericycle in root anatomy?

Formation of lateral roots Signup and view all the answers

What tissue is responsible for secondary growth in dicot roots?

Vascular cambium Signup and view all the answers

What role does secondary phloem play in root anatomy?

Transport of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the cork produced by phellogen?

Outer protective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of root is primarily adapted for food storage?

Tap roots Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tissues external to the cork once it matures?

They die off Signup and view all the answers

What type of roots provide additional support for a plant and are found above ground?

Prop roots Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are produced by cork cambium known as phellem?

Protective cells Signup and view all the answers

Which system in vascular plants is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?

Shoot system Signup and view all the answers

What type of meristematic tissue originates from the embryo?

Apical meristem Signup and view all the answers

Which meristematic tissue is responsible for the increase in diameter or width of roots and stems?

Lateral meristem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of meristematic tissue based on location?

Scar tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of intercalary meristem?

Promotes rapid growth in internodes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary meristems from primary meristems?

Secondary meristems derive from permanent tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for supporting plants while absorbing water and minerals?

Root system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about apical meristems is true?

They are present in both monocot and dicot plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of roots in plants?

Anchorage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of root is specialized for nitrogen fixation?

Root nodules Signup and view all the answers

Which root type contributes to food storage?

Enlarged roots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roots is mainly associated with providing support to tall plants?

Buttress roots Signup and view all the answers

Which root type is specifically adapted for aeration in swampy environments?

Pneumatophores Signup and view all the answers

What is the economic importance of roots in agriculture?

Aids in digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which root type can photosynthesize due to the presence of chlorophyll?

Green roots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a plant that has prop roots?

Corn Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where a lateral or axillary bud forms?

At the upper angle formed by the leaf stalk and the stem Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bud can develop from callus tissue at the cut end of a stem?

Adventitious bud Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a protected bud from a naked bud?

The covering of a bud scale Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a flower bud or floral bud?

It develops into a flower and fruit Signup and view all the answers

What are the three distinct regions of meristematic activity found in the apical meristem?

Protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium Signup and view all the answers

How is the primary vascular tissue organized in young woody dicot stems?

In concentric hollow cylinders Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the stem consists of thick-walled cells forming the outer layer?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What type of internal structure is found in young herbaceous dicot stems?

Primary vascular tissue arranged in a broken ring Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Roots

Cross Sectional Regions
- Stele/Vascular Cylinder/Inner Region
- A single layer of parenchyma called the pericycle which persists as a type of meristematic tissue involved in the formation of lateral roots and development of vascular and cork cambia
- A central mass or core of xylem elements with several radiating arms called primary xylem
- Patches of cells between the rays or radial arms of the primary xylem called primary phloem
- Meristematic cells located between the primary xylem and primary phloem called vascular cambium
Root Anatomy:
- Secondary Vascular Tissue
  - The secondary xylem occupies the places formerly occupied by the primary phloem, which is pushed outwardly
  - The secondary phloem forms a continuous ring of cells outside the cambium
  - Vascular Cambium is the meristematic cells between the secondary xylem and secondary phloem
- Periderm
  - A protective tissue that replaces the epidermis after secondary growth is initiated, composed of the:
    - Phellogen or Cork Cambium: cells arising from the meristematic activity of the pericycle
    - Phellem or Cork: outer cells produced by the cork cambium
    - Phelloderm or Secondary Parenchyma: inner cells produced by the cork cambium. Once the cork matures, all tissues external to it (epidermis and cortex) die, leaving the cork as the covering of the old dicot root.

Root Adaptation

Bulbous roots are adapted for storing starch
Aerial roots and prop roots are two forms of above-ground roots that provide additional support and anchor the plant
Tap roots such as carrots, turnips, and beets are adapted for food storage

Plant Body Organization

Vascular Plants have two distinct organ systems: the shoot system and the root system.
Shoot System:
- Generally grows above ground, absorbing light needed for photosynthesis
Root System:
- Is usually underground, supporting the plant and absorbing water and minerals

Plant Tissues

Tissues are groups of cells that perform essentially the same function and are commonly of similar structures.
Types of Plant Tissues
- Meristematic tissues: are tissues that divide actively and continuously produce new cells
- Permanent tissues: permanent tissues are composed of cells that have lost the ability to divide.

Meristematic Tissues (Based on Origin)

Primary Meristems: originate from the embryo and persists generally throughout the lifetime of the plant. Examples include apical meristems, intercalary meristems, and cambia.
Secondary Meristems are derived from permanent tissues and are examples include the cork cambium and callus tissues

Meristematic Tissues (Based on Location)

Apical Meristem (Promeristems): found at the tip of the roots and stems, responsible for the increase in the length of roots and stems.
Lateral Meristem (Cambium): found along the sides of roots and stems and is responsible for the increase in diameter or width of roots and stems. They are present in both monocot and dicot plants.
Intercalary Meristem: found at the bases of young stems and internodes. It is responsible for the rapid growth of stems and is not present in monocot plants.

Permanent Tissues

Permanent tissues differentiate into three main tissue types:
- Dermal Tissues
- Ground Tissues
- Vascular Tissues

Dermal Tissues

It covers and protects the plant, controls gas exchange and water absorption in the roots.
- In stems and leaves, it is covered by a waxy cuticle that prevents evaporative water loss, but the root epidermis lacks a waxy cuticle because that would prevent absorption.

Ground Tissues

The function of ground tissues varies based on cell type and location in the plant.

Vascular Tissues

Vascular tissues transport water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.
- Xylem: transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant, and it also plays a role in structural support for stems.
- Phloem: transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.

Epiphytic Roots

Roots that enable a plant to grow on another plant

Functions Of The Roots

Main Functions: anchorage, absorption, conduction
Modified Functions:
- Support: brace roots, prop roots, buttresses
- Food Storage:
- Photosynthesis
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Aeration
- Reproduction

Economic Importance

Roots serve a variety of economic purposes including:
- Producing food such as carrots, radishes, sweet potatoes, and turnips.
- Serving as: laxatives, emetics, and expectorants.
- Contains drugs such as ginseng
- Aids in the production of molasses from sugar beets, used in alcoholic beverages

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of roots and the various types of vascular tissue involved in plant development. This quiz covers key elements such as the pericycle, primary and secondary xylem, phloem, and vascular cambium. Dive deeper into the structure and function of roots!