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Questions and Answers
What ideology was upheld by the Romans regarding their position in the world?
What ideology was upheld by the Romans regarding their position in the world?
What method did Roman warlords use to maintain control over rebellious peoples?
What method did Roman warlords use to maintain control over rebellious peoples?
What historical event marked a significant consolidation of Roman imperial ideology?
What historical event marked a significant consolidation of Roman imperial ideology?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of Roman military domination?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of Roman military domination?
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How did the elites of Greek cities respond to Roman dominance?
How did the elites of Greek cities respond to Roman dominance?
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What was a key feature of Herod the Great's rule over his people?
What was a key feature of Herod the Great's rule over his people?
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How did Roman client kings like Herod manage to maintain control over their territories?
How did Roman client kings like Herod manage to maintain control over their territories?
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What significant action did Antipas take following Herod's death?
What significant action did Antipas take following Herod's death?
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The temple-state established by the Persians served what primary function in Judea?
The temple-state established by the Persians served what primary function in Judea?
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What impact did the Roman military's violent actions have on the Galilean population?
What impact did the Roman military's violent actions have on the Galilean population?
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What architectural style did Herod employ for the rebuilding of the temple-complex?
What architectural style did Herod employ for the rebuilding of the temple-complex?
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What role did the incumbent high priest play in Judean society after Herod's death?
What role did the incumbent high priest play in Judean society after Herod's death?
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What was a primary function of the priests in Herod's temple?
What was a primary function of the priests in Herod's temple?
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How did the high priestly aristocracy utilize their power within Judean society?
How did the high priestly aristocracy utilize their power within Judean society?
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What significant symbol was erected above the gate of Herod's temple?
What significant symbol was erected above the gate of Herod's temple?
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Which historical event was fresh in the memories of the people in Judea?
Which historical event was fresh in the memories of the people in Judea?
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What did the Mosaic covenant emphasize regarding social relations among the people?
What did the Mosaic covenant emphasize regarding social relations among the people?
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What kind of structures did the high priestly families build in the New City during the first century C.E.?
What kind of structures did the high priestly families build in the New City during the first century C.E.?
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What underlying ideal did the Galilean and Judean people maintain about foreign rule?
What underlying ideal did the Galilean and Judean people maintain about foreign rule?
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Which prophetic tradition from Israel criticized the oppressive practices of rulers?
Which prophetic tradition from Israel criticized the oppressive practices of rulers?
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Study Notes
Roman Domination
- Cultural Domination: Romans believed they were a superior people, destined for world supremacy. History was supposed to follow their lead.
- Military Domination: Roman warlords were known for brutality in conquering and reconquering rebellious areas, like Galilee and Judea. They destroyed cities, slaughtered, and enslaved people to instill fear.
- Indirect Rule Through Client Kings: Romans established rule through client kings like the Herodians, allowing them control with the support of Roman legions and fortresses. Herod the Great became a favorite due to his extensive building projects, enriching Rome at the expense of the people.
- Temple-State & High Priestly Rule: The temple-state, established by the Persians, served as an instrument of imperial control. It allowed Judeans to worship their God while providing economic support for the priestly aristocracy who also paid tribute to Rome. Herod expanded the temple in a grand Hellenistic-Roman style, further solidifying Roman influence. The high priestly families were appointed by Herod and later by Roman governors, maintaining order and collecting tribute.
Galilean and Judean Resistance
- Tradition of Independence: Judeans and Galileans had a deep-rooted tradition of independence from foreign rule, stemming from the Exodus and stories of Israelites gaining freedom from Canaanite kings. The ideal was of self-governing communities free from exploitation.
- The God of Israel as Ruler: The God of Israel was seen as the only proper ruler, and the Mosaic covenant outlined non-exploitative egalitarian relations among the people. Prophets like Elijah condemned oppressive practices of foreign emperors.
- Maccabean Revolt: The Maccabean revolt, where Judeans won independence, served as a powerful reminder of their ability to resist imperial rule.
- Constant Revolts: The text highlights widespread revolts against Herod, the Herodians, high priesthood, and Romans, including major uprisings in 66-70 and 132-135 C.E. Many smaller protests and movements of resistance took place between these rebellions.
- Protests Against Roman Provocations: Protests were often sparked by Roman actions that violated Israelite principles, like placing Roman standards with sacred images in Jerusalem or the attempt to put a bust of Caligula in the temple.
- Annual Passover Protests: The Passover celebration in Jerusalem was a particularly sensitive time for resistance as it was a reminder of the Exodus from Egypt. Roman soldiers would be present, symbolizing continued subjugation. These gatherings frequently saw protests leading to violent clashes with Roman troops.
- Popular Messianic Movements: Popular movements with messianic figures emerged, like those led by Simon bar Giora in the great revolt and Bar Kokhba in the final revolt.
- Prophets and Movements: Prophets like Theudas and the "Egyptian" led movements hoping for deliverance and a return to the ideals of Moses and Joshua.
- Scribal and Intellectual Resistance: Some sages and teachers protested against Roman rule, defying even their own economic dependence on the temple-state. They organized movements like those led by Judas of Gamla and Zadok, who refused to pay tribute to Rome. The Sicarioi, a terrorist group, targeted high priests collaborating with Roman rulers.
Conclusion
- Widespread Resistance: Resistance to Roman rule was prevalent and persistent across Galilee, Judea, Samaria, and Perea.
- High Priests and Herodians: Part of the Problem: The high priests and Herodians were seen as collaborators within the imperial order, not protectors of the people.
- Scribal Resistance: Even groups of scribal retainers, economically reliant on the temple-state, engaged in protests and even violence against the rulers.
- Jesus and his movement are best understood within this long-standing struggle for independence and renewal against Roman imperial oppression.*
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Description
Explore the aspects of Roman domination over Judea, focusing on cultural, military, and political control. Discover how the Romans utilized indirect rule through client kings and the impact of the temple-state under Herod the Great. This quiz will test your understanding of the complexities of Roman rule in this region.
